Georgian
A structural reference grammar
1st Edition
Published on 20. December 1995
XVIII, 716 pages
978-90-272-8311-5 (ISBN)
Description
The Caucasus for its size can boast more languages than any other region on earth. Of the 40 or so native tongues Georgian is the most widely spoken (by up to 5 million, of whom 3 million are ethnic Georgians). With its own unique script, Georgian has been written since the 4th century and has a rich literature of all genres. Outside Georgia, however, it has remained virtually unknown and unstudied, its grammatical intricacies being discussed by a small but ever growing succession of foreign specialists. The present work represents the first Reference Grammar of this challenging language to appear in English and is the summation of 20 years of intensive study by its author.
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Content
- GEORGIAN: A STRUCTURAL REFERENCE GRAMMAR
- Editorial page
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Map
- Table of contents
- PREFACE
- CORRIGENDUM
- Acknowledgements
- ABBREVIATIONS
- THE GEORGIAN ALPHABET
- 1: Introduction
- 1.0 Genealogy and Geography
- 1.1 The Languages of the Caucasus
- 1.2 The Georgian Scripts
- 1.3 The History of Georgian Philology
- 1.4 The Development of the Georgian Literary Language
- 1.5 Georgian Literature
- 1.6 Demography
- 1.7 The Language-issue
- 1.8 Scope of the present work
- 1.9 Principles of Citation
- Notes
- 2: Sound-system
- 2.1 Phonemes
- 2.1.1 Consonants [tan+xm+ovn-eb-i]
- 2.1.2 Vowels [xm+ovn-eb-i]
- 2.2 Phonotactics
- 2.2.1 Phonetic realisation of the consonants
- 2.2.2 Phonetic realisation of vowels
- 2.2.3 Epenthesis
- 2.2.4 Reduction
- 2.2.5 Metathesis
- 2.2.6 Dissimilation
- 2.2.7 Assimila tion
- 2.3 Root-structure
- 2.4 Suprasegmentals
- 2.4.1 Stress
- 2.4.2 Pitch
- 2.5 Sound-symbolism
- Notes
- 3: Non-verbal Morphology
- 3.0 Structure of the chapter
- 3.1 Nouns (a+r+s+eb+it-i saxel-eb-i)
- 3.1.1 Consonant-final noun-stems
- 3.1.2 Vowel-final noun-stems
- 3.1.3 Examples of the Old Georgian Oblique Plural in Modern Georgian
- 3.1.4 Postposed Adnominal Genitives and Double Declension
- 3.2. Adjectives (zed+sa+rt+av-eb-i)
- 3.2.1 Attributive Adjectives
- 3.2.2 Non-attributive Adjectives
- 3.2.3 Numeral (ricx+v+it-i) Adjectives
- 3.2.4 Demonstrative (cven+eb+it-i) Adjectives
- 3.2.5 Possessive (k'utvn+il+eb+it-i) Adjectives
- 3.2.6 Interrogative (k'itx+v+it-i) (Relative (mi+mart+eb+it-i)) Adjectives
- 3.2.7 Indefinite (gan+u+sa+zgv+r+el+ob+it-i) Adjectives
- 3.2.8 Negative (uar+q'+op+it-i) Adjectives
- 3.3. Adverbs (zmn+isa+rt-eb-i)
- 3.3.1 Adverbs from Adjectives
- 3.3.2 Adverbs Not Derived From Adjectives
- 3.4 Postpositions (tan+d+eb+ul-eb-i)
- 3.4.1 Postpositions with the NOMINATIVE (saxel+ob+it-i)
- 3.4.2 Postpositions with the Genitive (na+tes+a+ob+it-i)
- 3.4.3 Postpositions with the Dative (mi+c+em+it-i)
- 3.4.4 Postpositions with the Instrumental (mo+km+ed+eb+it-i)
- 3.4.5 Postpositions with the Adverbial (vitar+eb+it-i)
- 3.5 Pronouns (na+cval+saxel-eb-i)
- 3.5.1 Personal (p'ir-isa) Pronouns
- 3.5.2 Demonstrative (cven+eb+it-i)Pronouns
- 3.5.3 Interrogative (k'itx+v+it-i) Pronouns
- 3.5.4 Negative (uar+q'+op+it-i) Pronouns
- 3.5.5 Indefinite (gan+u+sa+zgv+r+el+ob+it-i) Pronouns
- 3.5.6 Relative (mi+mart+eb+it-i) Pronouns
- 3.5.7 Reflexive (uk'u+kc+ev+it-i) Pronouns
- 3.5.8 Emphatic (xaz+ga+sm+it-i) Pronouns
- 3.5.9 Reciprocal (urt+i+ert+ob+it-i) Pronouns
- 3.5.10 Possessive (k'utvn+il+eb+it-i) Pronouns
- 3.6. Particles (na+c'il+ak'-eb-i)
- 3.6.1 Interrogative Particles
- 3.6.2 Conjoining Particles
- 3.6.3 Indefinite Particles
- 3.6.4 Speech Particles
- 3.6.5 Response Particles
- 3.6.6 Relative Particle
- 3.6.7 Emphatic Particles
- 3.6.8 Pleading Particles
- 3.6.9 Attention-grabbing Particle
- 3.6.10 Contrastive Particles
- 3.6.11 Evidential Particle
- 3.6.12 Habitual Particle
- 3.6.13 Approximative Particle
- 3.6.14 Verb-governing Particles
- 3.7 Conjunctions (k'avsir-eb-i)
- 3.7.1 Coördinating Conjunctions
- 3.7.2 Subordinating
- 3.8 Interjections (áoris+d+eb+ul-eb-i)
- 3.8.1 Pseudo-interjections
- 3.9 Derivational Morphology
- 3.9.1 Noun-derivation
- 3.9.2 Adjective-formation
- 3.9.3 At tested Coimpo unds
- 3.10 Acronyms and Semi-acronyms
- 3.10.1 Abbreviations
- Notes
- 4: Verbal Morphology
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1 Pronominal agreement-affixes
- 4.2 Thematic Suffixes
- 4.3 Preverbs (zmn+is+c'in+eb+i)
- 4.4 Version (kc+ev+a)
- 4.4.1 Neutral Version (sa+ar+v+is+o kc+ev+a)
- 4.4.2 Subjective Version (sa+tav+is+o kc+ev+a
- 4.4.3 Objective Version (sa+sxv+is+o kc+ev+a)
- 4.4.4 locative Version (sa+ze+da+o kc+ev+a
- 4.4.5 Indirect Object-marking Without Version
- 4.4.6 Interplay of Versions and the Marking of Arguments
- 4.4.7 indirect Object Version iser
- 4.5 Root
- 4.6 Causative
- 4.7 Screeve-formation
- 4.7.1 Transitive Class (garda+ma+val-i zmn-eb-is k'las-i)
- 4.7.2 Intransitive Verb Class [garda+u+val-i zmn+eb-is k'las-i)
- 4.7.3 Medial Verb Class (sa+cu+aH gvar-is zmn-eb-is k'las-i)
- 4.7.4 Indirect Verb Class (inversi+ul-i zmn-eb-is k'las-i)
- 4.7.5 Stative Verbs (st'at'ik'+ur-i zmn-eb-is k'las-i)
- 4.8 The Formation of Causatives (sua+l+ob+it-i k'ont'akt'-iszmn-eb-is c'ar+mo+eb+a)
- 4.8.1 An Old Causative Formant?
- 4.8.2 The Causative for Medial Verbs
- 4.9 Non-finite Forms of the Verb (zmn-is ara=pinit,+ur-i pormeb-i)
- 4.9.1 Masdar (masdar-i)
- 4.9.2 Active Participle
- 4.9.3 Future Participle
- 4.9.4 Privative Participle
- 4.9.5 Past Participle
- 4.10 Irregular Verbs
- 4.10.1 Version as Screeve-marker
- 4.10.2 Honorifics
- 4.10.3 Variable Actant Marking
- 4.10.4 Similarities across the sub-types of verb
- 4.11 Grammatical Alternatives
- 4.11.1 An Alternative Series III Formation for Transitive Verbs
- 4.11.2 A Series IV from Western Georgia
- Notes
- 5: Syntax
- 5.0 General Syntax
- 5.0.1 Grammatical Resumc
- 5.1 The Simple Clause (mart'iv-i c'ina+da+d+eb+a)
- 5.1.1 Casfunctions
- 5.1.2 The Adnominal Genitive (cf. 3.1.1)
- 5.1.3 The Attributive Adjective (cf. 3.2.1)
- 5.1.4 Adpositions
- 5.1.5 Masdars (masdar-eb-i)
- 5.1.6 Coördination
- 5.1.7 The Verb Phrase
- 5.1.8 Causatives
- 5.1.9 Complements
- 5.1.10 Reflexives
- 5.1.11 Reciprocals
- 5.1.12'almost'
- 5.1.13 Questions
- 5.1.14 Negation
- 5.1.15 Commands
- 5.1.16 Wishes
- 5.2 Complex sentences
- 5.2.1 Coördinate Clauses
- 5.2.2 Subordinate Clauses
- 5.2.3 Comparatives
- Note
- 6: Texts
- 1. N. Dumbadze Sunny Night
- 2. D. K'ldiashvili Along the Path of My Life
- 3. Ch'. Lomtatidze Confession
- 4. Ietim Gurdzhi Why Have You Dressed in Black, Mother of Mine?
- 5. Vazha Pshavela Song of an Old Man
- 6. N. Baratashvili The Destiny of Kartli (Georgia)
- 7. 1. Ch'avch'avadze The Vaunting of Ignorance
- 8. A. Ts'ereteli The Rearer: A True Story
- 9. Mark 10:17-22 & 25 in Modern Georgian
- 10. Mark 10:17-22 & 25 in Old Georgian
- Notes
- 7: Sample Vocabularies in Semantic Fields
- 7.1 Days of the Week (k'vir-is dge-eb-i)
- 7.2 Months of the Year (c'el+i+c'ad-is tve-eb-i)
- 7.3 Seasons of the Year (c'el+i+c'ad-is sezon-eb-i)
- 7.4 Kinship-terms
- 7.5 Body-parts (sxeul-is na+c'il-eb-i) and some relatedvocabulary
- 7.6 Mathematical Terms
- 7.7 Botanical Terms
- Notes
- References and Bibliography
- INDEX
