
The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide
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Content
- Intro
- Preface
- Introduction: Emergence of a European Model Region
- 2 Defining the Baltic Sea Region
- 2.1 The Baltic Sea
- 2.2 The Baltic Sea Region
- 3 The Contexts of the Emerging Baltic Sea Region
- 3.1 The Geopolitical Context
- 3.2 The European Context
- 3.3 The Impact of Regionalism
- 4 Region-building in the Baltic Sea Area
- 4.1 Actors and Ideas in the Early Phase, 1988-1992
- 4.2 History
- 4.3 Culture
- 4.4 Economy
- 4.5 Security
- 5 Summary and Conclusion
- References
- 1 The Baltic Sea Region: A European Model Region
- History
- 1 The Baltic Sea Region: A History of Interaction and Multiculturalism in Europe
- 2 Religion and Politics: The Arrival of Christianity in the North
- 2.1 The Viking Influence
- 2.2 The Arrival of Christianity
- 2.3 The Crusades of the East Baltic
- 2.4 Lithuania - The Rise of a Great Empire
- 2.5 Monarchical Unions: Poland-Lithuania and Kalmar
- 3 Territorial Expansion and the Creation of Multicultural Empires
- 3.1 The Livonian Wars and the Rise of Sweden
- 3.2 The Thirty Years' War and the Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia
- 3.3 Absolutism
- 3.4 The Great Northern War and Russia's Acquisition of the Baltic Provinces
- 3.5 The Violent 18th Century and Russian Territorial Expansion
- 4 Revolution, War, and Reform: the 19th Century
- 4.1 Napoleonic Wars
- 4.2 Political Reform
- 4.3 Agrarian Reform
- 4.4 State Rationalising and Centralisation
- 4.5 The impact of 1848: Abandonment of Absolutism or Imperial Reform
- 4.6 Reforms in Russia
- 4.7 The Remapping of Europe - Unification of Germany
- 5 The Effects of Nationalism in the Russian Empire: Separatist Thought and Russification
- 5.1 Finland
- 5.2 Poland and Lithuania
- 5.3 The Baltic Provinces
- 5.4 Industrialisation
- 6 Towards Baltic and Finnish Independence
- 6.1 Political Voice and Overtures of Independence: 1905
- 6.2 World War I and Revolution
- 6.3 Independent States
- 7 The Second World War
- 7.1 Territorial and Political Changes
- 7.2 The Human Cost of War and Occupation
- 8 The Coming Cold War and Division of the Baltic Sea Region
- 8.1 The Consolidation of Soviet Power
- 8.2 The Neutrality Debate in the North
- 8.3 Cold War Regional Cooperation
- References
- Politics
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Modern Political History of the Baltic Sea Region
- 2.1 The Cold War Division of Europe
- 2.2 The Fall of Communism and the Integration of Europe
- 3 Political Developments in the Baltic Sea Region: A Comparative Overview
- 3.1 Democratic Development
- 3.2 Press Freedom
- 3.3 Corruption
- 3.4 Gender Equality
- 3.5 Socio-Economic Development
- 3.6 Government and Political Parties
- 4 The Baltic Sea Region and the EU
- 4.1 Reluctant Nordics
- 4.2 Unifi ed Germany and the Identity Issue
- 4.3 Post-Communist Countries and EU Membership
- 4.4 Diversity or Similarity?
- 5 Baltic Sea Region Cooperation: Opportunities and Obstacles
- 6 Future Trends in the Baltic Sea Region
- References
- Structures and Modes of Regional Cooperation
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Main Structures of Regional Cooperation
- 2.1 The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)
- 2.2 Baltic 21
- 2.3 The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM)
- 2.4 Other Baltic Sea Regional Organisations
- 2.5 The Baltic Sea Dimension of Nordic Cooperation
- 3 EU-Steered Regional Cooperation
- 3.1 The Northern Dimension (ND)
- 3.2 The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR)
- 4 Evaluation and Conclusions: Challenges and Perspectives of Regional Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region
- References
- Economy
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Economic Development
- 3 Institutions Framing Economic Developmentof Regions
- 3.1 International Organizations Framing International Trade
- 3.2 The European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region and its Impact on Economic Development
- 3.3 EU-Russia Relations
- 4 International Trade
- 4.1 Reasons for International Trade
- 4.2 Geographical Patterns
- 4.3 Foreign Trade Within the Baltic Sea Region
- 4.4 Commodity Patterns
- 5 Foreign Direct Investments
- 5.1 Theories and Concepts
- 5.2 Impact of FDI in the BSR
- 5.3 Patterns of FDI in the BSR
- 6 Labour Market Developments and Employment
- 6.1 Employment
- 6.2 Part-Time Work
- 6.3 Unemployment
- 7 Conclusion
- References
- Culture
- 1 Preliminary Notes
- 1.1 Definitions of the Region and its Consequences for 'Culture'
- 1.2 Names and Terminological Constructions
- 1.3 A Political-Functional Definition of the Region
- 1.4 The Dialectical Construction of a Regional Community
- 2 'Identity' and 'Culture' - Created by Nature
- 2.1 The Sea
- 2.2 Longing for the Sea
- 2.3 The Sea and the Longing for Freedom
- 2.4 'The Gold of the North'
- 2.5 Landscape and Climate
- 2.6 Forests as National Landscapes
- 3 'Identity' and 'culture' - Created by Man
- 3.1 History
- 3.2 'Death Always Swims Alongside the Ship'
- 3.3 Economy and Society
- 3.4 'Balticness'
- 3.5 Language(s)
- 3.6 City and Architecture
- 3.7 Art and Culture
- 3.8 The Organ as the Bearer of Culture
- 3.9 Literature
- 3.10 Education and Science
- 3.11 Eating and Drinking
- 3.12 Leisure
- 4 Conclusion
- References
- Annex: Basic Facts about the Countriesof the Baltic Sea Region
- DENMARK
- ESTONIA
- FINLAND
- GERMANY
- ICELAND
- LATVIA
- LITHUANIA
- NORWAY
- POLAND
- RUSSIA
- SWEDEN
- Note on the Authors
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