Rare Earth Element Geochemistry

PrefaceList of ContributorsSymbolsChapter 1. General Geochemical Properties and Abundances of the Rare Earth Elements 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Abundances in the Solar System, Sun and Earth 1.3. Data Presentation 1.4. Oxidation States 1.5. Element Co-Ordination and Ionic Radii 1.6. Element Substitution and Partition 1.7. Geochemical Reference Literature ReferencesChapter 2. Minerology of the Rare Earth Elements 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Halides 2.3. Carbonates 2.4. Carbonates with Fluoride 2.5. Oxides 2.6. Borate 2.7. Silicates 2.8. Silicates with Other Anions 2.9. Phosphates 2.10. Arsenates 2.11. Sulphate ReferencesChapter 3. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Meteorite Studies 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Condensation Theory 3.3. REE abundances in Ca, Al-Rich Inclusions 3.4. REE in Other Components of Chondrites 3.5. Whole-Rock Chondrite Analyses 3.6. Analyses of Achondrites 3.7. REE in Other Differentiated Meteorites 3.8. Summary of REE Cosmochemistry and Future Directions ReferencesChapter 4. Petrogenetic Modeling - Use of Rare Earth Elements 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Modeling of Separation Processes 4.3. Simple Chemical Partitioning - The Nernst D 4.4. Equilibrium Melting and Crystallization 4.5. Fractional Crystallization: Continuous Removal of Crystals 4.6. Fractional Crystallization: Crystal Zoning-Surface Equilibrium 4.7. Incremental Partial Melting 4.8. Zone Melting 4.9. Extraction 4.10. Mixing 4.11. References to Combined Models, and Other Comments ReferencesChapter 5. Rare Earth Element Abundances in Upper Mantle Rocks 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Alpine Peridotites 5.3. Ultramafics Associated with Ophiolites 5.4. Ocean Floor Peridotites 5.5. Ultramafic Inclusions in Basalts and Kimberlites 5.6. Implications of REE Data for Upper Mantle Composition and Upper Mantle Processes ReferencesChapter 6. The Rare Earth Element Characteristics of Igneous Rocks from the Ocean Basins 6.1. Introduction 6.2. History of Research 6.3. Ocean Ridge Basalts 6.4. Ocean Islands 6.5. Ocean Plateau Volcanism 6.6. Factors Controlling the Distribution of REE in Oceanic Basalts 6.7. Summary and Conclusions ReferencesChapter 7. Rare Earth Elements in Igneous Rocks of the Continental Crust: Predominantly Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Kimberlite 7.3. Carbonatites and Associated Alkalic Silicate Rocks 7.4. Lamprophyres 7.5. Komatiites and Associated Basic Rocks 7.6. Alkaline Mafic Rocks and Associated Intermediate and Felsic Rocks 7.7. Tholeiitic Basalts - Continental, Back-Arc Basins and Island Arcs 7.8. Summary ReferencesChapter 8. Rare Earth Elements in Igneous Rocks of the Continental Crust: Intermediate and Silicic Rocks - Ore Petrogenesis 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Andesites and Associated Rocks 8.3. Anorthosites and Associated Jotunites, Mangerites, and Charnockites 8.4. Granitic Rocks - Quartz Diorite, Tonalite, Granodiorite, and Trondhjemite 8.5. Granitic Rocks - Monzogranites and Syenogranites 8.6. REE in Hydro Thermal Systems 8.7. Summary ReferencesChapter 9. The Mobility of the Rare Earth Elements in the Crust 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Factors Affecting the Degree of Mobility of the REE 9.3. Igneous Crystallization History-the Distribution of REE in the Unalterec Rock and their Susceptibility to Weathering and Alteration 9.4. The Fluid Phase 9.5. Uptake of the REE by Secondary Minerals 9.6. Conclusions ReferencesChapter 10. Aqueous and Sedimentary Geochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Weathering and Transport 10.3. The Marine Environment 10.4. REE Contents of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 10.5. Diagenesis ReferencesChapter 11.