
Political Populism
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- Cover
- INTRODUCTION
- Here to Stay: Populism in the SpotlightThis research received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement n. 822337 (Project 'PaCE').
- Understanding Populism as a Complex Phenomenon
- Ideology, Discourse, Style
- Leadership, Protest and Organisation
- Party Systems, Liberal Democracy and Populist Regimes
- Demand-Side Perspectives
- Regional Variations
- The Western European Populist Right: From Protest Politics to Migration and Identity
- Identity Politics in Post-Transition Societies: Populism in Central and Eastern Europe
- Mediterranean Populism
- Nativism and Rural Populism: The United States and Elsewhere
- Presidentialism and Social Mobilisation: Latin American Populism
- Europe, the US and Latin America
- Communication Perspectives
- Populism as a Style
- Political Discourse and the Media
- The Media Policy Impact of Populism
- Communication Strategies
- New Communication Technologies
- Consolidated and Emerging Topics
- References
- PART I: Defining and Analysing the Concept
- CHAPTER 1: POPULISM: A HISTORY OF THE CONCEPTDamir Skenderovic
- Introduction
- Conjuncture and Controversy in Politics and Academia
- Lexical History of the Concept
- The Founding Forms of Populism
- Transnational and Transdisciplinary Expansion
- Populism as a Strategy or Ideology?
- Conclusions
- References
- CHAPTER 2: POPULISM AND POLITICAL REPRESENTATIONAlfio Mastropaolo
- Populist Parties, Representation and the Crisis of Representation
- Representing the People: Which People?
- Representing Populist Parties
- References
- CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUALISING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULISM AND THE RADICAL RIGHTDietmar LochPOPULISM AND THE RADICAL RIGHT
- Introduction
- Populism and the Radical Right: A Historical Perspective
- From the Extreme Right to the Contemporary Radical Right
- From Populism in the World to 'Neo' Populism in Europe
- Populism: More than a Thin Ideology?
- A New Party Family: Populist, Radical and Right-Wing
- Terminology, Ideology, Concepts
- Economic Protectionism: Class Politics for 'Modernisation Losers'
- Cultural Protectionism: Nationalism and Islamophobia
- Advocating Euroscepticism in Favour of National Sovereignty
- A Populist Authoritarian Voice in Representative Democracy
- Other Far Right or Populist Parties
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 4: THE POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTSCarlo Ruzza
- Introduction: The Relation Between Parties and Social Movements
- Integrating the Parties' and Movements' Approaches to the Radical-Right
- Parties, Movements and the Populist Radical-Right
- Relations of Accepted and Consensual Interpenetration
- Relations in Which Party and Movement Memberships are Distinct and to Varying Extents Conflictual
- Distinct but Generally Supportive Relations
- Civil Society, Movements, Counter-Movements and RRPPs as Interacting Systems
- Conclusions and Further Steps in the Research Agenda
- References
- CHAPTER 5: FIXING THE TAXONOMY IN POPULISM RESEARCH: BRINGING FRAME, ACTOR AND CONTEXT BACK INThis chapter is based on a paper presented at the fourth mid-term conference of the Political Sociology Research Network, Brussels, 28-29th October 2016. This research is part of the Project 'PaCE' and received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement n. 822337. Reinhard Heinisch and Oscar Mazzoleni ANALYSING AND EXPLAINING POPULISM
- Introduction
- From Ideological Dichotomy to Ambivalence
- Gradation and Frame
- Explaining the Rise and the Spread of Populism across Contemporary Democracies
- Endogenous Conditions
- Exogenous Conditions
- The Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Conditions in Populist Claim-Making
- Application and Summary
- References
- CHAPTER 6: POPULISM AND DEMOCRACY: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONSThe authors would like to thank Kirk Hawkins, Reinhard Heinisch and Saskia Ruth for comments on earlier drafts of this chapter. Christian Schimpf acknowledges the support by the University of Mannheim's Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences funded by the German Research Foundation. Robert A. Huber and Christian H. SchimpfPOPULISM AND DEMOCRACY
- Introduction
- 'Populism' and 'Democracy': An Ambivalent Relationship?
- Beyond a One-Dimensional Relationship
- Moderating Factors
- Empirical Strategies: Measurement and Research Designs
- Measuring populism
- Measuring the Quality of Democracy
- Concluding Remarks and Outlook
- References
- CHAPTER 7: THE GENERATIVE CONTEXTS OF POPULIST REGIMESCarlos H. Waisman
- Introduction
- Defining Populism
- Generative Contexts
- Populism and the Crisis of Representation
- Prospects for Institutionalisation
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 8: MEASURING POPULISM: A REVIEW OF CURRENT APPROACHESI would like to thank Kirk Hawkins for allowing me to use his data on the holistic grading of German parties and for his feedback on an earlier draft of this chapter. Furthermore, I would like to thank Vanessa Marent and Reinhard Heinisch for helping me translate the dictionary terms into German.Teun Pauwels
- Introduction
- Challenges and Methods
- Definitions, Data, Dimensions
- Classification by Means of Minimal Definition
- Content Analysis
- Computerised Content Analysis
- Expert Survey
- Measuring Populism among Parties in Germany
- Lessons from Studies Measuring Populism
- Populism is More Prevalent in Latin America Compared to Western Europe
- Populism can be Found More at the Fringes of the Party System
- Populism Over Time: The Impact of Issues, Government or Opposition and Campaigning
- Conclusion and Discussion
- Appendix
- Holistic Grading
- Computerised Content Analysis
- References
- CHAPTER 9: RESEARCHING POPULISM QUANTITATIVELY: INDICATORS, PROXY MEASURES AND DATA SETSMartin Dolezal and Marco FölschRESEARCHING POPULISM QUANTITATIVELY
- IntroductionThis research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program for the project 'PaCE' under the grant agreement n. 822337.
- Supply Side: From Broad Classifications to Multidimensional Scales
- Classifications
- Degrees of Populism: One-Dimensional Approaches
- Degrees of Populism: Multidimensional Approaches
- Demand Side
- Measuring Populism on the Individual Level: From Proxy Measures to Ideational Theory
- Individual-Level Populism as a Dependent Variable: What Affects Being a Populist?
- Individual-Level Populism as an Independent Variable: The Effect of Populist Attitudes on Voting Behaviour
- Conclusion and Discussion
- References
- PART II: Assessing the Success of Populist Actors in Europe and in the Americas
- Europe
- CHAPTER 10: POPULISM AND EUROSCEPTICISM: TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN?Fabian Habersack and Carsten Wegscheider
- Introduction
- Conceptualising Populism and Euroscepticism
- Euroscepticism
- Populism
- The Interplay Between Populism and Euroscepticism: State of Research and Causal Mechanisms
- Populism and Euroscepticism on the Supply Side
- Populism and Euroscepticism on the Demand Side
- Empirical Analysis
- Explaining Party-Based Euroscepticism
- Explaining Individual Euroscepticism
- Conclusions
- References
- CHAPTER 11: THE ELECTORAL BASIS OF POPULIST PARTIESGilles Ivaldi
- Introduction
- Populism Left and Right
- The Social and Attitudinal Basis of Populist Voting
- A Populist Gender Gap?
- Populism and the Secularised Voter
- Are Populist Voters the 'Losers of Modernisation'?
- Political Distrust as a Unifier of Populist Voters
- Populists Opposing Europe?
- Future Populism Research
- A Global Perspective on Populism
- The Populist Politics of Globalisation
- Populism and the Coronavirus
- References
- CHAPTER 12: POPULIST PARTIES IN POWER AND THEIR IMPACT ON LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES IN WESTERN EUROPETjitske AkkermanPOPULIST PARTIES IN POWER AND THEIR IMPACT ON LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES
- Introduction
- Defining Populism
- Populism and Democracy
- Mapping the Research Field
- The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Populists in Government
- Empowering the People?
- Explanations
- Conclusions
- References
- CHAPTER 13: HOW FAR DOES NATIONALISM GO? AN OVERVIEW OF POPULIST PARTIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPESergiu Gherghina, Sergiu Miscoiu and Sorina SoareHOW FAR DOES NATIONALISM GO?
- Introduction
- The Ambivalent Framing of Populism in Central and Eastern Europe
- Conceptual Delimitations: A Multifaceted Political Phenomenon
- Populist Diversity
- Populist Discourse
- The Ambivalent Relationship between Discourse and Practice: Populism's Two Major Contradictions
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 14: SOCIO-CULTURAL LEGACIES IN POST-TRANSITION SOCIETIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO THE RESURGENCE OF RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM AND POPULISM IN THE REGIONVlastimil Havlík and Miroslav MaresSocio-cultural legacies in Post-transition societies in Central and Eastern Europe
- Introduction
- The State of Research on Right-Wing Extremist and Populist Legacies
- Ongoing Debates and the Limitations of Right-Wing Extremism and Populism in Central and Eastern Europe
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 15: ENTREPRENEURIAL POPULISM AND THE RADICAL CENTRE: EXAMPLES FROM AUSTRIA AND THE CZECH REPUBLICWork on this paper was supported by GACR grant 19-12289S for the project 'Explaining the Support of New forms of Populism: the Czech Republic and Slovakia in a Comparative Perspective' and the grant from the Slovak Grant Agency: APVV-17-0596 'Politics of Emotions as a Form of Political Inclusion and Exclusion'. The research was also co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union, p
- Introduction
- Conceptualising Entrepreneurial Populism
- Case Description
- The Austrian Case: Synopsis
- The Czech Case: Synopsis
- Explaining Entrepreneurial Populism: Argument and Hypotheses
- Hypotheses
- Data Sources and Method
- Hypotheses Test and Empirical Findings
- Lessons Drawn
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 16: NEW POPULISMMaria Elisabetta Lanzone
- Introduction: A Wave of (New) Populism Continues to Pervade Europe
- Understanding Contemporary Left-Wing Populism in Spain and Greece
- An Unprecedented Example of Populism: The Case of the Italian Five Star Movement
- Populism Is Everywhere? Current Debates on the Concept of Populism
- Conclusion: New Populism for 'New Politics'?
- References
- The Americas
- CHAPTER 17: TRUMP'S POPULISMCarlos de la Torre
- Introduction
- A Brief History of US Populism
- On Crises
- Populist Nexus: Organisation, Charisma and the Media
- Trump's Charisma
- The Media
- Gendering and Racialising the People
- Trump and American Democracy
- Conclusions
- References
- CHAPTER 18: POPULISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE 2016 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONSandra Vergari
- Introduction
- Defining Populism
- Historical Context of Populism in the United States
- Economic and Political Context of Contemporary US Populism
- Establishment Barriers to Outsider Candidates
- The 2016 Campaign: Will the Real Populist Please Stand Up?US television game show To Tell The Truth features three people claiming to be the same person with a special skill or job
- two are imposters and one is sworn to tell the truth. At the end of the game, the host says, 'Will the real [truth teller's name] please stand up?'.
- Conclusions and Future Research
- References
- CHAPTER 19: POPULIST AND PROGRAMMATIC PARTIES IN LATIN AMERICAN PARTY SYSTEMSMaría Esperanza Casullo and Flavia Freidenberg
- Populism and Stable Party Systems: Can They Coexist? The Latin American Experience
- The Current State of Research into Populism and Political Representation
- Populism and Parties
- Conclusions
- References
- CHAPTER 20: POPULIST PARTIES OF LATIN AMERICA: THE CASES OF ARGENTINA AND ECUADORMaría Esperanza Casullo and Flavia Freidenberg
- Stable Populist Parties in Latin America: Peronism in Argentina and Alianza País in Ecuador
- Peronism: The Transformation of a Charismatic Party
- The Alianza País: From a Movement of 'Outlaws' to a Hegemonic Party
- Reconceptualising Populist Parties
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 21: POPULISM AND DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATION IN LATIN AMERICASaskia P. Ruth and Kirk A. Hawkins
- Introduction
- The Poorly Studied Relationship between Populism and Democratic Representation
- A Theory of Populism and Democratic Representation
- Empirical Analysis: Patterns of Populism and Representation in Latin America
- Formal Representation
- Descriptive Representation
- Substantive Representation
- Discussion and Conclusion
- Appendix
- References
- PART III: Populism and Communication
- CHAPTER 22: THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN MEDIA AND POPULISM: CONCEPTS, ISSUES, EVIDENCELone Sorensen
- IntroductionI am indebted to Jay Blumler, Katrin Voltmer and Katy Parry for their insightful comments on an earlier draft. : Overall Context
- A Communications Approach to Populism
- Classifying Populism
- Populism as a Communicative Process
- Mediation
- Media Institutions as Sites of Mediation
- Media Logic
- Anti-Media Populism
- Media Technologies as Sites of Mediation
- Material Technology
- Symbolic Technology
- Audiences as Sites of Mediation
- Mapping Populist Effects
- Audience Meaning-Making
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 23: MEDIA POLITICS AND POPULISM AS A MOBILISATION RESOURCEFranca Roncarolo
- Introduction
- The Media and Populism: Still an Obscure Relationship?
- True Populism or Simply the Effects of Mediatisation?
- The Role of the Media in Supporting the Rise of Political Actors Defined as Populist
- Conclusion: The Populist Style as a Resource for Mobilisation
- References
- CHAPTER 24: REFORM IN WAR: THE MEDIA POLICIES OF LATIN AMERICA'S LEFTIST POPULISTSPhilip Kitzberger
- Introduction
- Approaches
- Post-Neoliberal Leftist Populism and Media Policies in Latin America
- Context
- Post-Neoliberal Forms of Populism
- Legal Reforms
- Selective Implementation
- Populist Aftermath
- Discussion
- References
- CHAPTER 25: PERFORMING POPULISM: COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES FOR POLARISATION, PROVOCATION AND FEARMONGERINGChristina Holtz-BachaPERFORMING POPULISM
- Introduction
- The Strategic Character of Populism
- Packaging Populism
- Polarisation
- Provocation
- Threat
- Conclusion and Where Research is Needed
- References
- CHAPTER 26: POPULIST AND NON-POPULIST MEDIA: THEIR PARADOXICAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF A RIGHT-WING IDEOLOGYBenjamin KrämerPOPULIST AND NON-POPULIST MEDIA
- Introduction
- Fuelling Anti-Elitism by Routinely Reporting Negative Incidents Involving Elites and Acting as Democracy's Fourth Estate, Even in a Way that Undermines Democracy
- Providing Platforms for Participation and Media Criticism Without Responsivity
- Responding to the News Value and Self-Stylisation of Populist Actors and Providing Them with a Platform
- Supplying Evidence of Populist Constructions of Out-Groups
- Supplying Catchwords, Slogans and Interpretive Frameworks for Populism and Anti-Media Populism
- Serving as a Substitute for Populist Leaders
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 27: DIGITAL POPULISM: HOW THE WEB AND SOCIAL MEDIA ARE SHAPING POPULISM IN WESTERN DEMOCRACIES Giuliano BobbaDIGITAL POPULISM
- Introduction
- Digital Populism: Searching for a Definition
- Three Faces of Digital Populism
- Digital Populism and Populist Actors
- Digital Media Populism
- Digital Populism and Citizens
- Populism and Democracy in the Age of Social Media
- References
- PART IV: Populism Between Emerging and Consolidated Research Topics
- CHAPTER 28: SOCIETAL MALAISE IN TURBULENT TIMES: INTRODUCING A NEW EXPLANATORY FACTOR FOR POPULISM FROM A CROSS-NATIONAL EUROPE-WIDE PERSPECTIVEWolfgang AschauerSOCIETAL MALAISE IN TURBULENT TIMES
- Introduction: The Driving Forces behind Populism
- Theoretical and Empirical Approach: An Overview
- Characteristics of Societal Malaise
- Fear of Societal Decline
- Political Disenchantment
- Social Distrust
- Empirical Approach and Operationalisation Strategy
- Macro Indicators Leading to a Conception of Diverse European Regions
- Operationalisation of Restrictions on Living Conditions
- Operationalisation of Societal Malaise
- Empirical results
- The Evolution of Societal Malaise in Europe
- The Causes of Societal Malaise: A Multilevel Analysis
- Discussion and Conclusion
- Appendix:
- References
- CHAPTER 29: THE GENDER DIMENSION OF POPULISMWe would like to express our gratitude to Vanessa Marent who significantly contributed to an earlier version of this chapter. We would like to thank Atusa Stadler for her excellent research assistance.Sarah C. Dingler and Zoe Lefkofridi
- Introduction
- Gender in Populists' Ideology and Policy Programmes
- Populist Right-wing Parties in Western Europe
- Populist Left-Wing Parties in Latin America
- Populist Politics and Women's Political Engagement
- Female Members and Activists of Populist Parties
- Female Candidates and the Leadership of Populist Parties
- Perception of the Female Leaders of Populist Parties
- Gender and Electoral Support for Populist Parties
- Electoral Support for Left-Wing Populist Parties in Latin America
- The Radical Right Gender Gap in Western Europe
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 30: THE BODY IN POPULISMPaula Diehl
- Introduction
- Populism as a Multidimensional and Gradual Phenomenon
- The Body as a Political Medium in Democracy
- Mirroring the People
- Populist Body Performances
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 31: POPULISM AND ISLAMOPHOBIAHans-Georg Betz
- Introduction
- Nativism: Antebellum Anti-Catholicism in the United States as an Ideal Type
- New Nativism: Anti-Islamic Mobilisation and the Populist Right
- Anti-Islamic Frames and Anti-Islamic Mobilisation
- Context and Opportunity Structures: Public Opinion
- Context and Opportunity Structures: The Role of the Media
- Context and Opportunity Structures: Visibility
- Legitimising Narratives and Populist Mobilisation Against Islam
- Identity Politics and the Future of Anti-Islamic Nativism
- References
- CHAPTER 32: POPULISM AND LAWManuel Anselmi, Paul Blokker and Oscar Mazzoleni
- Introduction
- Constitutionalism and Liberal Democracy
- Politicisation of the Judiciary
- Punitivism and Penal Populism
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 33: POPULISM AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A MATCH MADE IN HEAVEN? Robert A. Huber
- On the Challenges of Researching the Nexus of Populism and Climate Change
- Literature Review
- Theoretical Work
- Party-Level and Elite-Level Work
- Individual-Level Work
- Shortcomings and Ways Forward
- Conceptual Uncertainty
- The Conflation of Populism and Political Ideology
- Lack of Good Data
- Causal Inference
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 34: POPULISM FACING THE CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAKThis research is part of the Project 'PaCE' and received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement n. 822337. Cecilia Biancalana, Reinhard Heinisch and Oscar Mazzoleni
- Introduction
- The Coronavirus Outbreak and Populists' Responses
- Old Concepts and New Directions in the Research on Populism and Pandemics
- Populism and Expert Knowledge
- Populism and Healthcare Issues
- Populism and Conspiracy Theories
- Making the Empirical Case: Populism and Individual Perceptions of COVID-19's Effect
- Conclusions
- References
- NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
- INDEX
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