Fibre Structure

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical 1.1.1 Natural Fibers 1.1.2 Regenerated Fibers 1.1.3 Synthetic Fibers 1.2 The Idea of Polymers 1.3 Constitution of Fibers 1.3.1 Synthetic Fibers 1.3.2 Cellulose Fibers 1.3.3 Protein FibersChapter 2 Cellulose and Its Derivatives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Form and Behaviour of Cellulose Derivatives in Solution 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Measurements of Light-Scattering Dissymmetry 2 2.3 Osmometry and Light Scattering: Second Virial Coefficient 2.2.4 Viscometry 2.2.5 Conclusions 2.3 The Chemical Constitution of Cellulose 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Viscosity Anomalies 2.3.3 Resistant Hemicelluloses 2.3.4 Products of Partial Hydrolysis 2.3.5 Weak Bonds 2.3.6 ConclusionsChapter 3 Synthetic Polypeptides and Fibrous Proteins 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Preparation of Synthetic Polypeptides 3.2.1 Polypeptides and their Synthesis 3.2.2 The N.C.A. Method 3.2.3 The N-Carbothiophenyl Amino-Acid Technique 3.3 Chain Conformation in Polypeptides 3.3.1 Dimensions for Model-Building 3.3.2 The Folding of Polypeptide Chains 3.3.3 Folds Involving Intra-Chain Hydrogen-Bonding 3.3.4 Conformation Involving Inter-Chain Hydrogen-Bonding 3.3.5 Conformation Involving Inter- and Intra-Chain Hydrogen Bonds 3.4 Experimental Techniques and Results on Polypeptides 3.4.1 Orientation 3.4.2 Infra-red Spectra 3.4.3 X-ray Diffraction 3.4.4 Optical Rotation 3.4.5 Stereochemical Effects 3.5 Silks 3.5.1 Varieties of Silk 3.5.2 Amino-Acid Composition of Fibroins 3.5.3 The Molecular Weights of Fibroins 3.5.4 Sequence of Amino-Acid Residues 3.5.5 Chain Conformations in Fibroins 3.5.6 Cross-β Structure 3.5.7 Water-Soluble Silk 3 6 Wool and Hair 3.6.1 Fiber Structure 3.6.2 Amino-Acid Composition 3.6.3 The Chemical Structure of Wool Keratin 3.6.4 Chain Conformations in Wool and Hair 3.6.5 Modifications to the α-Helix 3.6.6 The Macro-Structure of Wool 3.7 Collagen 3.7.1 Chemical Structure 3.7.2 Chain Conformation in Poly-L-Proline and Derivatives 3.7.3 Chain Conformation in CollagenChapter 4 Synthetic Fiber-Forming Polymers and Co-polymers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Characteristics of Synthetic Fibers 4.2.1 General Properties 4.2.2 General Molecular Characteristics 4.2.3 Heterogeneity of Molecular Species in Synthetic Fibers 4.3 The Configuration of Polymer Molecules in Synthetic Fibers 4.3.1 Configuration in the Crystalline Regions 4.3.2 Isomorphism and Polymorphism in Crystalline Polymers 4.3.3 Configuration in the Amorphous Regions 4.4 Inter- and Intra-Molecular Forces in Fibers 4.4.1 Cohesive Forces in Fibers 4.4.2 Forces Determining Crystalline Configuration and Opposing Configurational Change 4.5 Structure-Properties Relationships in Fibrous Polymers 4.5.1 Acyclic Polymers 4.5.2 Polymers with Intra-Chain Cyclic Groupings 4.5.3 Lateral Substitution in Polymers 4.5.4 Special Effects: Tolerance of Structural Irregularity in Crystalline Polymers, and Steric Hindrance 4.6 Co-polymers 4.6.1 General Characteristics 4.6.2 Effects of Co-polymerization on the Properties of Crystalline Fibrous Polymers 4.6.3 Non-crystalline Fibrous Co-polymers 4.6.4 Concluding Remarks on Structure-Properties Relationships in Synthetic Fibers 4.7 Reactions and Reactivity of Synthetic Fibers in Relation to Structure 4.7.1 The Chemical Effects of Heat on some Linear Polymers 4.7.2 The Hydrolysis of Synthetic Fibers 4.7.