Wireless Communications Systems
Description
Wireless Communications Systems starts by explaining the fundamentals needed to understand, design, and deploy wireless communications systems. The author, a noted expert on the topic, explores the basic concepts of signals, modulation, antennas, and propagation with a MATLAB emphasis. The book emphasizes practical applications and concepts needed by wireless engineers.
The author introduces applications of wireless communications and includes information on satellite communications, radio frequency identification, and offers an overview with practical insights into the topic of multiple input multiple output (MIMO). The book also explains the security and health effects of wireless systems concerns on users and designers. Designed as a practical resource, the text contains a range of examples and pictures that illustrate many different aspects of wireless technology. The book relies on MATLAB for most of the computations and graphics. This important text:
* Reviews the basic information needed to understand and design wireless communications systems
* Covers topics such as MIMO systems, adaptive antennas, direction finding, wireless security, internet of things (IoT), radio frequency identification (RFID), and software defined radio (SDR)
* Provides examples with a MATLAB emphasis to aid comprehension
* Includes an online solutions manual and video lectures on selected topics
Written for students of engineering and physics and practicing engineers and scientists, Wireless Communications Systems covers the fundamentals of wireless engineering in a clear and concise manner and contains many illustrative examples.
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RANDY L. HAUPT, PHD, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines and consults for industry and government. He retired from the USAF as a LtCol and was an RF staff consultant at Ball Aerospace & Technologies, Corp.
Content
Preface xiii
Symbols and Acronyms xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical Development of Wireless Communications 1
1.2 Information 4
1.3 Wired Communications 7
1.4 Spectrum 9
1.5 Communication System 12
Problems 13
References 15
2 Signals and Bits 17
2.1 Analog Baseband Signals 17
2.2 Digital Baseband Signals 21
2.3 Source Coding 22
2.4 Line Coding 26
2.5 Bandwidth 27
2.6 Signal Level 28
2.7 Noise and Interference 29
2.8 Converting Analog to Digital 36
2.9 Channel Coding 39
2.10 Repetition 40
2.11 Parity Bits 40
2.12 Redundancy Checking 42
2.13 Error Correcting Codes (ECC) 45
2.13.1 Block Codes 45
2.13.2 Convolutional Codes 47
2.14 Interleaving 48
2.15 Eye Diagram 50
2.16 Intersymbol Interference 51
2.17 Raised-Cosine Filter 54
2.18 Equalization 57
Problems 62
References 67
3 Passband Signals 71
3.1 Carrier 71
3.2 Amplitude-Modulated Signals 72
3.3 Frequency-Modulated Signals 80
3.4 Phase-Modulated Signals 84
3.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 90
3.6 Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals 92
3.7 BER of Digital Signals 94
3.8 Multiplexing in Time and Frequency 94
3.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 95
3.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing 96
3.8.3 Multiple Access 97
3.9 Spread Spectrum 100
3.9.1 Interference 101
3.9.2 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 101
3.9.3 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 103
3.9.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 104
Problems 106
References 109
4 Antennas 111
4.1 Signal Properties that Influence Antenna Design 111
4.1.1 Impedance 111
4.1.2 Gain 112
4.1.3 Polarization 113
4.1.4 Bandwidth 115
4.2 Common Antennas 116
4.2.1 Point Sources 116
4.2.2 Wire Antennas 117
4.2.3 Aperture Antennas 125
4.2.4 Microstrip Antennas 128
4.3 Antenna Arrays 130
4.3.1 Element Placement 131
4.3.1.1 Linear Array 131
4.3.1.2 Arbitrary Array Layouts 134
4.4 Electronic Beam Steering 136
4.5 Element Pattern 137
4.6 Low Sidelobes 138
4.7 Moving a Null to Reject Interference 140
4.8 Null Filling 142
4.9 Multiple Beams 144
4.10 Antennas for Wireless Applications 146
4.10.1 Handset Antennas 146
4.10.2 Cellular Base Station Antennas 151
4.10.3 Reflector Antennas 156
4.10.4 Antennas for Microwave Links 159
4.11 Diversity 162
4.11.1 Spatial Diversity 162
4.11.2 Frequency Diversity 165
4.11.3 Polarization Diversity 165
4.11.4 Time Diversity 166
Problems 166
References 170
5 Propagation in the Channel 173
5.1 Free Space Propagation 174
5.2 Reflection and Refraction 175
5.3 Multipath 179
5.4 Antennas over the Earth 181
5.5 Earth Surface 186
5.6 Diffraction 190
5.6.1 Fresnel Diffraction 190
5.6.2 Diffraction from Multiple Obstacles 194
5.6.3 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 198
5.7 Signal Fading 202
5.7.1 Small-Scale Fading Models 205
5.7.1.1 Rayleigh Fading 205
5.7.1.2 Rician Fading 209
5.7.2 Approximate Channel Models 212
5.7.3 Large-Scale Fading 214
5.7.4 Channel Ray-Tracing Models 217
5.8 Doppler Effects 219
5.9 Fade Margin 223
5.10 Atmospheric Propagation 224
Problems 234
References 238
6 Satellite Communications 241
6.1 Early Development of Satellite Communications 241
6.2 Satellite Orbits 245
6.3 Satellite Link Budget 254
6.4 Bent Pipe Architecture 259
6.5 Multiple Beams 259
6.6 Stabilization 261
Problems 262
References 263
7 RFID 267
7.1 Historical Development 267
7.2 RFID System Overview 270
7.3 Tag Data 273
7.4 Tag Classes 274
7.4.1 Passive Tags 274
7.4.2 Tags with Batteries or Supercapacitors 277
7.4.2.1 Semi-Passive Tags 277
7.4.2.2 Active Tags 278
7.5 Data Encoding and Modulation 279
7.6 Reader-Tag Communication 281
7.6.1 Near Field 281
7.6.2 Far Field 285
7.6.2.1 Multiple Readers in an Interrogation Zone 285
7.6.2.2 Backscatter Communication 288
7.6.2.3 Chipless Tags 293
Problems 295
References 296
8 Direction Finding 301
8.1 Direction Finding with a Main Beam 301
8.1.1 Array Output Power 302
8.1.2 Periodogram 304
8.1.3 Wullenweber Array 305
8.2 Direction Finding with a Null 307
8.3 Adcock Arrays 308
8.4 Eigenbeams 310
8.5 Direction Finding Algorithms 313
8.5.1 Capon's Minimum Variance 313
8.5.2 Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition 315
8.5.3 MUSIC Algorithm 316
8.5.4 Root MUSIC 317
8.5.5 Maximum Entropy Method 318
8.5.6 ESPRIT 319
8.5.7 Estimating and Finding Sources 321
Problems 322
References 322
9 Adaptive Arrays 325
9.1 The Need for Adaptive Nulling 325
9.2 Beam Cancellation 327
9.3 Optimum Weights 328
9.4 Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm 329
9.5 Sample Matrix Inversion Algorithm 332
9.6 Adaptive Algorithms Based on Power Minimization 334
9.6.1 Random Search Algorithms 335
9.6.2 Output Power Minimization Algorithms 338
9.6.3 Beam Switching 340
9.6.4 Reconfigurable Antennas 340
Problems 342
References 342
10 MIMO 345
10.1 Types of MIMO 345
10.2 The Channel Matrix 349
10.3 Recovering the Transmitted Signal Using the Channel Matrix 352
10.3.1 CSIR and CSIT 352
10.3.2 Waterfilling Algorithm 356
10.3.3 CSIR and No CSIT 360
Problems 361
References 362
11 Security 365
11.1 Wireless Networks 365
11.1.1 Addresses on a Network 365
11.1.2 Types of Wireless Local Area Networks 367
11.1.3 WLAN Examples 370
11.2 Threats 373
11.3 Securing Data 376
11.3.1 Cryptography 376
11.3.2 Secret Key Cryptography 379
11.3.3 Public Key Cryptography 379
11.3.4 Hashing 380
11.4 Defenses 381
Problems 384
References 385
12 Biological Effects of RF Fields 389
12.1 RF Heating 389
12.2 RF Dosimetry 393
12.3 RF Radiation Hazards 396
12.3.1 Base Stations 397
12.3.2 Cell Phones 397
12.3.3 Medical Tests 397
12.4 Modeling RF Interactions with Humans 398
12.5 Harmful Effects of RF Radiation 400
Problems 400
References 401
Appendix A MATLAB Tips 405
A.1 Introduction 405
A.2 Plotting Hint 406
Appendix B OSI Layers 407
B.1 Layer 1: Physical 407
B.2 Layer 2: Data Link 407
B.3 Layer 3: Network 407
B.4 Layer 4: Transport 408
B.5 Layer 5: Session 408
B.6 Layer 6: Presentation 408
B.7 Layer 7: Application 409
Appendix C Cellular Generations 411
References 412
Appendix D Bluetooth 413
References 414
Appendix E Wi-Fi 415
References 416
Appendix F Software-Defined Radios 419
F.1 SDR Basics 419
F.2 SDR Hardware 421
F.3 SDR Software 422
F.4 Cognitive Radio 423
References 423
Index 425
Symbols and Acronyms
Symbols
- A
- low sidelobe taper factor
- A
- array steering matrix
- Ae
- effective aperture
- ALOS
- amplitude of the LOS signal
- Am
- amplitude of the message signal
- AF
- array factor
- AFN
- array factor normalized to N
- AFx
- x-axis array factor
- AFy
- y-axis array factor
- AP
- antenna pattern
- Ap
- index of geomagnetic activity
- Ap
- physical aperture
- AR
- axial ration
- a
- one dimension of rectangular slot
- an
- weights
- B
- bandwidth
- b
- one dimension of rectangular slot
- bn
- bit n
- bn
- weights
- bpn
- parity bit n
- BER
- bit error rate
- C
- channel capacity
- C
- covariance matrix
- C(?)
- Fresnel cosine integral
- sample covariance matrix
- Cnoise
- noise covariance matrix
- Cnoise - s
- noise-signal covariance matrix
- Cs - noise
- signal-noise covariance matrix
- Cs
- signal covariance matrix
- Csr
- receive signal covariance matrix
- Cst
- transmit signal covariance matrix
- Ctext
- ciphertext
- CL
- confidence level
- CNR
- carrier-to-noise ratio
- C/N
- carrier-to-noise ratio
- c
- speed of light
- cp
- specific heat
- cdf
- cumulative distribution function
- cdfnorm
- standard normal CDF
- D
- antenna directivity
- D
- singular value diagonal matrix
- D
- raindrop equivalent spherical diameter
- Dmax
- maximum aperture size
- Dout
- outer cylindrical conductor of diameter of coax
- DTE
- TE diffraction coefficient for a finitely conducting wedge
- DTM
- TM diffraction coefficient for a finitely conducting wedge
- d
- distance between antennas
- dh
- Hamming distance
- dia
- wire diameter
- dmax
- maximum distance
- dp
- penetration depth
- drh
- distance of receive antenna to horizon
- dskip
- skip distance
- dsp
- spacing between turns in a helical antenna
- dth
- distance of transmit antenna to horizon
- dx
- element spacing in x-direction
- dy
- element spacing in y-direction
- time-dependent electric field
- E
- error vector
- Eantenna
- electric field of antenna
- Eb/N0
- energy per bit
- Ediff
- diffracted electric field
- EGO
- GO electric field
- Ei
- incident electric field
- ELOS
- LOS electric field at receiver
- Er
- reflected electric field
- Er
- r component of the electric field
- Es
- signal energy
- ET
- total electric field
- Et
- electric field transmitted into medium
- Ex
- x component of the electric field
- Exco
- co-polarized electric field in the x-direction
- Excross
- cross polarized electric field in the x-direction
- Ey
- y component of the electric field
- Eyco
- co-polarized electric field in the y-direction
- Eycross
- cross polarized electric field in the y-direction
- Ez
- z component of the electric field
- E?
- ? component of the electric field
- E?
- ? component of the electric field
- EBn(?)
- eigenbeam n
- EIRP
- effective isotropic radiated power
- ENOB
- effective number of bits
polarization vector of incident wave- en
- bit error n
- polarization vector of receive antenna
- erfc()
- complementary error function
- F
- noise factor
- F(?F)
- Fresnel integral
- FLNA
- LNA noise factor
- Fpg
- path gain factor
- Fsp
- frequency spreading factor
- Ftag
- fade margin
- f
- frequency
- fc
- carrier frequency
- fcrit
- critical frequency
- fD
- Doppler-shifted frequency
- fDmax
- maximum Doppler frequency
- fhi
- highest frequency in a bandwidth
- flo
- lowest frequency in a bandwidth
- fm
- frequency of message signal
- f0
- resonant frequency
- G
- generator matrix
- G
- antenna gain
- Gamp
- amplifier gain
- GEGC
- EGC diversity gain
- GMRC
- MRC diversity gain
- Gp
- processing gain
- Gr
- gain of receiving antenna
- Greader
- gain of reader antenna in direction of tag
- Gsd
- selection diversity gain
- Gt
- gain of transmitting antenna
- Gtag
- gain of tag antenna in the direction of reader
- gn
- generating polynomial
- H
- parity check matrix
- H
- channel matrix
- Hi
- incident magnetic field
- Hn
- n × n Hadamard matrix
- H
- entropy
- H(f)
- transfer function
- Hc(f)
- channel transfer function
- Heq(f)
- equalizer transfer function
- Hn
- screen height
- Ho(f)
- overall transfer function
- Hr
- reflected magnetic field
- Hr
- r component of the magnetic field
- Hr(f)
- receive transfer function
- HRC(f)
- raised cosine transfer function
- HRRC(f)
- root-raised cosine transfer function
- Ht
- magnetic field transmitted into medium
- Ht(f)
- transmit transfer function
- H?
- ? component of the magnetic field
- H?
- ? component of the magnetic field
- h
- height
- h(t)
- impulse response
- h´
- virtual height of the ionospheric layer
- hc(t)
- channel impulse response function
- hmn
- subchannel impulse...
