Timed Arrays
Wideband and Time Varying Antenna Arrays
Published on 13. April 2015
224 pages
978-1-119-07209-6 (ISBN)
Description
Introduces timed arrays and design approaches to meet the newhigh performance standards
The author concentrates on any aspect of an antenna array thatmust be viewed from a time perspective. The first chapters brieflyintroduce antenna arrays and explain the difference between phasedand timed arrays. Since timed arrays are designed for realistictime-varying signals and scenarios, the book also reviews widebandsignals, baseband and passband RF signals, polarization and signalbandwidth. Other topics covered include time domain, mutualcoupling, wideband elements, and dispersion. The author alsopresents a number of analog and digital beamforming networks forcreating and manipulating beams. The book concludes with anoverview of the methods to integrate time delay into the arraydesign and of several other adaptive arrays that prove useful inmany different systems.
* Examines RF signal concepts such as polarization and signalbandwidth and their applications to timed antenna arrays
* Covers arrays of point source, elements in timed antennaarrays, active electronically scanned array technology, and timedelay in corporate fed arrays
* Includes complete design examples for placing time delay inarrays
Timed Arrays: Wideband and Time Varying Antenna Arrays iswritten for practicing engineers and scientists in wirelesscommunication, radar, and remote sensing as well as graduatestudents and professors interested in advanced antenna topics.
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05/2015
1st Edition
Wiley-IEEE Press
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04/2015
Wiley
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Person
Randy Haupt, PhD., is Professor and Department Head of EECS at the Colorado School of Mines. He received his PhD from the University of Michigan and retired from the USAF as a LtCol. Dr. Haupt was an RF staff consultant at Ball Aerospace & Technologies, Corp., senior scientist and department head at the Applied Research Laboratory of Penn State, professor and department head of ECE at Utah State, professor and chair of EE at the University of Nevada Reno, and professor of EE at the USAF Academy. Dr. Haupt is a Fellow of the IEEE and Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES).
Content
List of Figures x
Preface xix
1 Timed and Phased Array Antennas 1
1.1 Large Antennas 1
1.2 Collection of Elements 3
1.3 Overview of an Array Architecture 6
1.4 Transient Versus Steady State 7
1.5 Time Versus Phase 7
1.6 Book Overview 8
References 9
2 RF Signals 10
2.1 The Carrier and Modulation 10
2.2 Noise and Interference 12
2.3 Polarization 15
2.4 Signal Bandwidth 17
Reference 18
3 Arrays of Point Sources 19
3.1 Point Sources 19
3.2 Far Field 20
3.3 Array Sampling in the Time Domain 21
3.4 Array Sampling in the Frequency Domain 22
3.5 Grating Lobes: Spatial Aliasing 23
3.6 Subarrays and Panels 26
3.7 Electronic Beam Steering 29
3.8 Amplitude Weighting 31
3.8.1 Dolph-Chebyshev Taper 32
3.8.2 Taylor Tapers 33
3.8.3 Bayliss 34
3.9 Thinned Arrays 36
References 39
4 Elements in Timed Arrays 41
4.1 Element Characteristics 41
4.1.1 Polarization 42
4.1.2 Impedance 43
4.1.3 Phase center 44
4.1.4 Conformal 44
4.1.5 Size 44
4.1.6 Directivity 45
4.1.7 Bandwidth 45
4.1.8 Balun 45
4.2 Elements 46
4.2.1 Dipole Array 46
4.2.2 Patch Array 47
4.2.3 Spiral Array 50
4.2.4 Helical Array 52
4.2.5 Tapered Slot Antenna (TSA) Array 53
4.2.6 Tightly Coupled Arrays 55
4.2.7 Fragmented Arrays 62
4.3 Mutual Coupling 63
4.4 Element Dispersion 66
4.5 Scaled Arrays 68
4.6 Interleaved Arrays 70
References 75
5 Array Beamforming 78
5.1 PCB Transmission Lines 78
5.2 S-parameters 81
5.3 Matching Circuits 82
5.4 Corporate Feeds 82
5.5 Distributed Versus Centralized Amplification 83
5.6 Blass Matrix 84
5.7 Butler Matrix 85
5.8 Lenses 86
5.9 Reflectarrays 89
5.10 Digital Beamforming 91
References 93
6 Active Electronically Scanned Array Technology 95
6.1 Semiconductor Technology for T/R Modules 96
6.2 T/R Module Layout 98
6.3 Amplifiers 100
6.4 Switches 109
6.5 Phase Shifter 114
6.6 Attenuators 120
6.7 Limiter 121
6.8 Circulator 121
6.9 Correcting Errors through Calibration and Compensation 121
References 123
7 Time Delay in a Corporate-Fed Array 126
7.1 Pulse Dispersion 128
7.2 Phased Array Bandwidth 130
7.3 Time Delay Steering Calculations 133
7.4 Time Delay Units 135
7.5 Unit Cell Constraints 138
7.6 Time Delay Bit Distribution at the Subarray Level 141
References 147
8 Adaptive Arrays 149
8.1 Signal Correlation Matrix 150
8.2 Optimum Array Weights 152
8.3 Adaptive Weights Without Inverting the Correlation Matrix 154
8.4 Algorithms for Nondigital Beamformers 155
8.4.1 Partial Adaptive Nulling 156
8.4.2 Adaptive Nulling with Weight Constraints 158
8.4.3 Adaptive Nulling with Cancellation Beams 159
8.5 Reconfigurable Arrays 160
8.6 Reconfigurable Elements 165
8.7 Time-Modulated Arrays 167
8.8 Adaptive Thinning 172
8.9 Other Adaptive Array Alternatives 177
8.9.1 Beam Switching 178
8.9.2 Direction Finding 178
8.9.3 Retrodirective Array 181
8.9.4 MIMO 181
References 184
List of Symbols and Abbreviations 188
Index 194
