List of Contributors xxv

About the Editor xxxi

About the Contributors xxxiii

Preface lv

Acknowledgments lxiii

Reviewers lxv

About the Companion Website lxvii

Part I Core Concepts and Enablers 1

1 Introduction to the Internet of Things 3
Detlef Schoder

1.1 Historical Roots 3

1.2 Related Streams: Machine-to-Machine Communications, Industrial Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and Cyber-Physical Systems 6

1.3 Who Works on the Internet of Things? 8

1.4 Internet of Things-Core Concepts 9

1.5 Internet of Things Framework 12

1.6 Derived Qualities of Modern ICT 24

1.7 Potential for Product, Process, and Business Model Innovations 26

1.8 Implications and Challenges 30

1.9 Conclusion 34

References 35

2 An Overview of Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Things 41
Faisal S. Alsubaei, Abdullah Abuhussein, and Sajjan Shiva

2.1 Introduction 41

2.2 Overview of IoT Architecture 42

2.3 Enabling Technologies 43

2.4 IoT Platforms and Operating Systems 61

2.5 Conclusion 63

References 64

3 RFID in the Internet of Things 67
Akaa Agbaeze Eteng, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, and Chee Yen Leow

3.1 Introduction 67

3.2 A Brief History of RFID 68

3.3 A Glimpse into RFID Technology 69

3.4 RFID Applications in the Internet of Things 71

3.5 Connecting RFID Transceivers to the Internet 77

3.6 Emerging Technology Trends 80

3.7 Challenges and Outlook 81

3.8 Conclusion 83

References 84

4 Sensors, Actuators, Wireless Sensor Networks, and the Internet of Things 89
Akaa Agbaeze Eteng

4.1 Introduction 89

4.2 A Glimpse into Sensors and Actuators 89

4.3 Wireless Sensor Networks 94

4.4 Wireless Sensor Networks in the Internet of Things 101

4.5 Deployment Case Studies 104

4.6 Open Problems and Future Directions 106

4.7 Conclusion 112

References 112

5 Cloud and Fog Computing in the Internet of Things 119
Daniel Happ

5.1 Introduction 119

5.2 IoT System Requirements 120

5.3 Cloud Computing in IoT 121

5.4 Fog Computing in IoT 126

5.5 Conclusion 133

References 134

6 On Standardizing the Internet of Things and Its Applications 137
Kai Jakobs

6.1 Introduction 137

6.2 Current Status 139

6.3 The Standardization Environment 143

6.4 Standardization in Selected Application Areas 145

6.5 Discussion and Some Speculation 152

6.6 Conclusion 154

Acknowledgments 155

References 155

Part II AI and the Internet of Things 159

7 Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things: Algorithms, Applications, and Challenges 161
Chathumi Samaraweera, Adarsha Bhattarai, Dongming Peng, Yutong Liu, and Hamid Sharif

7.1 Introduction 161

7.2 AI Algorithms 163

7.3 AI-Based IoT Applications 176

7.4 Current Challenges and Potential Solutions 182

7.5 More Considerations on Real-World Applications and Moral Ramifications of AI/ML in IoT 186

7.6 Conclusion 187

References 188

8 Deep Learning and the Internet of Things: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities 193
John Byabazaire, Joana Tirana, Andreas Chouliaras, Vlasis Koutsos, Theodoros Aslanidis, Ioannis Panagiotidis, and Dimitris Chatzopoulos

8.1 Introduction 193

8.2 Overview of Deep Learning 195

8.3 Edge Intelligence 200

8.4 tinyML 206

8.5 Digital Twins 209

8.6 Metaverse 212

8.7 Challenges and Opportunities 216

8.8 Conclusion 220

References 221

Part III Use Cases and Application Domains 229

9 The Industrial Internet of Things 231
Alexander Willner

9.1 Introduction 231

9.2 Market Overview 232

9.3 Interoperability and Technologies 236

9.4 Alliances 239

9.5 Conclusions 243

Acknowledgments 243

References 244

10 The Emerging "Energy Internet of Things" 247
Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso

10.1 Introduction 247

10.2 Power Management Trends and EIoT Support 251

10.3 Real-Life Power Management Optimization Approaches 267

10.4 Challenges and Future Directions 270

10.5 Conclusion 273

References 274

11 Implementing the Internet of Things for Renewable Energy 279
Lucas Finco and Daniel Minoli

11.1 Introduction 279

11.2 Managing the Impact of Sustainable Energy 280

11.3 EIoT Deployment 285

11.4 Industry Standards for EIoT 290

11.5 Security Considerations in EIoT and Clean Energy Environments 292

11.6 Conclusion 293

References 294

12 Internet of Things Applications for Smart Cities 297
Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso

12.1 Introduction 297

12.2 IoT Applications for Smart Cities 299

12.3 Specific Smart City Applications 306

12.4 Optimal Enablement of Video and Multimedia Capabilities in IoT 312

12.5 Key Underlying Technologies for Smart Cities IoT Applications 313

12.6 Challenges and Future Research 320

12.7 Conclusion 321

References 321

13 Internet of Things Applications for Agriculture 327
Lei Zhang, Ibibia K. Dabipi, and Willie L. Brown Jr.

13.1 Introduction 327

13.2 Internet-of-Things-Based PA 329

13.3 IoT Application in Agriculture Irrigation 331

13.4 IoT Application in Agriculture Fertilization 334

13.5 IoT Application in Crop Disease and Pest Management 336

13.6 IoT Application in Precision Livestock Farming 337

13.7 Conclusion 339

References 339

14 Smart Landslide Monitoring and Warning Systems with IoT Technologies 345
Sahil Sankhyan, Mirothali Chand, Praveen Kumar, Kala Venkata Uday, and Varun Dutt

14.1 Introduction 345

14.2 IoT-Based Landslide Early Warning Systems (IoT-LEWSs) 347

14.3 Case Studies 356

14.4 Challenges and Future Research 358

14.5 Conclusion 362

References 363

15 The Internet of Things and People in Health Care 369
Nancy L. Russo and Jeanette Eriksson

15.1 Introduction 369

15.2 The Smart Health Care Ecosystem 370

15.3 Dimensions of Internet of Things Applications in Health Care 374

15.4 Examples of IoT-Related Health Care Applications and Their Dimensions 378

15.5 Challenges 386

15.6 Conclusion 388

Acknowledgments 389

References 389

16 Smart Ambulance and Emergency Medicine: Mobile IoT in the 6G Era 391
Bernard Fong, Alvis Fong, Haesik Kim, Vyasa Sai, and Chi Kwong li

16.1 Introduction 391

16.2 IoT in Emergency Medicine 392

16.3 Integration and Compatibility 400

16.4 Case Study: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 405

16.5 Smart Ambulance Challenges 410

16.6 Moving into the 6G Era 411

16.7 Conclusions 413

References 414

17 Smart Connected Homes 419
Joseph Bugeja, Andreas Jacobsson, and Paul Davidsson

17.1 Introduction 419

17.2 The Smart Connected Home Domain 420

17.3 Smart Connected Home Systems 422

17.4 The Smart Connected Home Technologies 425

17.5 Smart Connected Home Architectures 430

17.6 Smart Connected Home Challenges and Research Directions 432

17.7 Conclusions 435

Acknowledgments 435

References 436

18 The Internet of Flying Things 439
Daniel Fernando Pigatto, Mariana Rodrigues, João Vitor de Carvalho Fontes, Alex Sandro Roschildt Pinto, James Smith, and Kalinka Regina Lucas Jaquie Castelo Branco

18.1 Introduction 439

18.2 Flying Things 440

18.3 The Internet of Flying Things 442

18.4 Challenges 449

18.5 Case Studies 455

18.6 Conclusions 461

Acknowledgments 462

References 462

19 Internet of Military Things and Weaponized AI: Technology in the Age of Conflict 465
Jan Sliwa

19.1 Introduction 465

19.2 Military Systems: Basic Elements 466

19.3 Military Applications: Selected Topics 473

19.4 AI Governance: Legal and Ethical Ramifications 490

19.5 Conclusion 492

References 493

Part IV Security and Privacy 495

20 Security Mechanisms and Technologies for Constrained IoT Devices 497
Marco Tiloca and Shahid Raza

20.1 Introduction 497

20.2 Security in IoT Protocols and Technologies 498

20.3 Security Issues and Solutions 507

20.4 Conclusion 517

References 517

21 Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 523
Göran Pulkkis, Jonny Karlsson, and Magnus Westerlund

21.1 Introduction 523

21.2 Regulatory Requirements 524

21.3 Blockchain Technology 526

21.4 Blockchains and IoT Systems 528

21.5 Examples of Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 528

21.6 Challenges and Future Research 535

21.7 Conclusions 535

References 536

22 Authentication Methods for the Internet of Things: Pre- and Post-Quantum Computing 539
Farnaz Farid, Ala Al-Areqi, Fariza Sabrina, and Farhad Ahamed

22.1 Introduction 539

22.2 Pre-Quantum Authentication Methods for IoT 541

22.3 Quantum Computing and its Impact on IoT Security 547

22.4 Post-Quantum Authentication Methods for IoT 549

22.5 Post-Quantum Authentication and IoT Applications 554

22.6 Hybrid Authentication Approach for Enhanced Security 556

22.7 Future Directions and Challenges 558

22.8 Conclusion 560

References 561

23 On the Role of Dynamic Trust Management in the Evolving Internet of Things 565
Brian Lee, Muhammad Babar Imtiaz, Kieran McLaughlin, and Yuhang Ye

23.1 Introduction 565

23.2 Trust Concepts 567

23.3 Dynamic Trust Management in IT/OT Convergence 570

23.4 Dynamic Trust Management 573

23.5 Dynamic Trust Management for IoT 577

23.6 Dynamic Trust in Internet of Sociable Autonomous Things 582

23.7 Conclusion 586

References 586

Part V Practical Implementations and Tutorials 589

24 A Tutorial Introduction to IoT Design and Prototyping with Examples 591
ManuelMeruje,MusaG.Samaila,JoãoB.F.Sequeiros,VirginiaN.L.Franqueira, Mário M. Freire, and Pedro R. M. Inácio

24.1 Introduction 591

24.2 Main Features of IoT Hardware Development Platforms 592

24.3 Design and Prototyping of IoT Applications 604

24.4 Projects on IoT Applications 607

24.5 Conclusion 619

Acknowledgments 620

References 620

25 A Tutorial on IoT Streaming Data Pipelines: The What, Why, and How 625
Qusay F. Hassan and Neha Pandey

25.1 Introduction 625

25.2 Overview of Streaming Data Pipelines 626

25.3 Foundational Technologies for IoT Streaming Data Pipelines 632

25.4 Demonstration: How to Build an IoT Streaming Data Pipeline 641

25.5 Conclusion 654

References 655

Glossary 659

Index 677