Human-Centered Information Fusion
1st Edition
Published on 1. January 2010
316 pages
978-1-59693-435-1 (ISBN)
Description
Information fusion refers to the merging of information from disparate sources with differing conceptual, contextual and typographical representations. Rather than focusing on traditional data fusion applications which have been mainly concerned with physical military targets, this unique resource explores new human-centered trends, such as locations, identity, and interactions of individuals and groups (social networks). Moreover, the book discusses two new major sources of information: human observations and web-based information. This cutting-edge volume presents a new view of multi-sensor data fusion that seeks to address these new developments, explicitly considering the active role of a human user/analyst. Professionals become knowledgeable about the key inputs into this innovative information fusion process, including traditional sensing resources (S-space), dynamic communities of human observers (H-space), and resources such as archived sensor data, blogs, and dynamic news reports from citizen reporters via the Internet (I-space).
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David Hall | John Jordan
Human-Centered Information Fusion
Book
03/2010
Artech House Publishers
€111.76
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Content
- Human-Centered Information Fusion
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1 Introduction: The Changing Role ofHumans in Information Fusion
- 1.1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.2 TRADITIONAL VIEWS OF DATA FUSION
- 1.2.1 The Department of Defense (DoD) Legacy
- 1.2.2 The Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) Data Fusion Process Model
- 1.2.3 Related Models of Data Fusion
- 1.2.4 Assessment of Fusion Technology
- 1.3 NEW ROLES FOR HUMANS IN DATA FUSION
- 1.3.1 The Changing Landscape
- 1.3.2 The Human as a Soft Sensor
- 1.3.3 Hybrid Cognition
- 1.3.4 Analytical Crowdsourcing
- 1.4 SUMMARY
- References
- Chapter 2 Sensing the Human Landscape: Issues andOpportunities
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 2.1.1 Definitions
- 2.1.2 Context: Why the Current Interest?
- 2.1.3 Constituencies for Human Landscape Information
- 2.2 CONTRASTS
- 2.2.1 Similarities Between Natural Terrain and Human Landscapes
- 2.2.2 Differences Between Natural Terrain and Human Landscapes (What Google Maps Cannot Convey)
- 2.2.3 The Richness of the Human Landscape
- 2.3 ELEMENTS OF THE HUMAN LANDSCAPE
- 2.3.1 Attributes: Chosen Versus Given
- 2.3.2 Attributes: Sensed by Humans Versus Sensed by Technology
- 2.3.3 Attributes: Individual Versus Collective
- 2.3.4 Attributes as Seen by Various Disciplines
- 2.4 ISSUES IN REPRESENTING THE HUMAN LANDSCAPE
- 2.4.1 Tacit Versus Explicit Knowledge
- 2.4.2 Indirect Human Evidence Is Often More Reliable Than Direct Inquiry
- 2.4.3 Context Is Often Equally Important as Data
- 2.4.4 Representation of Time in Human Landscapes
- 2.4.5 Presence of Humans as Sensors Can Change What They Observe
- 2.4.6 Representing Uncertainty
- 2.4.7 Unique Identifiers for Humans Versus Other Entities
- 2.5 INFORMATION OVERLOAD AND OTHER COMPLICATIONS OFHUMAN LANDSCAPES: THE CASE OF THE STASI
- 2.5.1 Historical Context
- 2.5.2 Information Overload
- 2.5.3 Consequences of Massive Surveillance
- 2.6 INFORMATION FUSION AND THE HUMAN LANDSCAPE
- 2.6.1 Fusion of Existing Data Sources
- 2.6.2 Fusion of Emerging Data Sources
- 2.7 CONCLUSION
- References
- Chapter 3 H-Space: Humans as Observers
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION CHALLENGES
- 3.3 A FRAMEWORK FOR CHARACTERIZING OBSERVERS
- 3.3.1 A Conceptual Framework
- 3.3.2 Energy to Neural Activity: A Brief Survey of the Human Senses
- 3.3.3 Attentional Focus
- 3.3.4 Perceptual Cognition
- 3.3.5 Perception of Language
- 3.3.6 Language to Reporting
- 3.4 SUMMARY
- References
- Chapter 4 Global Neighborhood Watch:The Emerging Community of Observers
- 4.1 EMERGING TRENDS IN AD HOC GLOBAL OBSERVATIONS
- 4.1.1 Cell Phones as Sensors and Sensor Platforms
- 4.1.2 Differences Between Cell Phones and Conventional Sensors
- 4.1.3 The Twitter Factor
- 4.2 HUMANS AS SENSORS AND SENSOR PLATFORMS
- 4.3 REPORTING MECHANISMS
- 4.3.1 User-Generated Content
- 4.4 CHALLENGES AND BIASES IN GROUP OBSERVATIONS
- 4.5 TASKING THE COMMUNITY
- 4.5.1 Related Tasking Issues
- 4.6 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
- 4.6.1 Centralized Versus Localized Sensor Fusion
- 4.6.2 Routing
- 4.6.3 Representation of Uncertainty
- 4.7 CROWDS AS FUSION
- 4.8 CONCLUSION
- References
- Chapter 5 What Does It Mean to Live in a SearchableWorld?
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.1.1 A Brief Historical Perspective
- 5.1.2 Intellectual Earthquakes
- 5.2 CONTEXT
- 5.2.1 Perspectives on Information Collection and Access
- 5.2.2 From Classification (Ontologies) to Networks (Indexing)
- 5.3 DOMAINS OF CHANGE
- 5.3.1 Intellectual Life
- 5.3.2 Commerce
- 5.3.3 Personal Empowerment
- 5.3.4 Crime and Terror
- 5.3.5 Implications of Far-Reaching Change for Human-Centered Fusion
- 5.4 LOOKING AHEAD
- 5.4.1 Where Is the Technology Headed?
- 5.4.2 Issues and Concerns
- 5.5 SEARCH AND HUMAN-CENTERED FUSION
- References
- Chapter 6 Data Visualization and Understanding
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.1.1 Definitions
- 6.1.2 Objectives of Information Visualization
- 6.1.3 A Brief Tour of Information Visualization
- 6.2 UNDERSTANDING VISUALIZATIONS
- 6.2.1 Taxonomies
- 6.2.2 Assessment and Evaluation
- 6.2.3 Visual Analytics
- 6.3 SUCCESS STORIES
- 6.4 COMMERCIAL TOOLS
- 6.4.1 Desktop Office Suite
- 6.4.2 Scientific and Technical Packages
- 6.4.3 Statistical Packages
- 6.4.4 Geographic Information Systems
- 6.4.5 Business Intelligence Tools
- 6.5 VISUALIZING PHYSICAL DATA
- 6.6 VISUALIZING NONSPATIAL DATA
- 6.7 LESSONS AND OPPORTUNITIES
- References
- Chapter 7 Beyond Visualization: Sonification
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 SOUND AS INFORMATION
- 7.3 MONITORING VERSUS ANALYSIS
- 7.4 ACOUSTIC DIMENSIONS OF SOUND
- 7.4.1 Air Pressure
- 7.4.2 Pitch/Frequency
- 7.4.3 Volume/Amplitude
- 7.4.4 Timbre/Spectrum
- 7.4.5 Location/Stereo Pan
- 7.4.6 Distance
- 7.4.7 Duration
- 7.4.8 Meter and Harmony
- 7.5 PSYCHOACOUSTICS: DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN SOUNDPERCEPTION
- 7.5.1 Pitch Perception
- 7.5.2 Loudness Perception
- 7.5.3 Timbre Perception
- 7.6 AUDITORY GESTALTS
- 7.7 SONIFICATION: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- 7.8 EXAMPLE SONIFICATIONS
- 7.9 APPLICATION TO CYBERSECURITY
- 7.10 SONIFICATION SOFTWARE
- 7.11 CONCLUSIONS
- References
- Chapter 8 Adapting IPB for Human TerrainUnderstanding: Informational Preparationof the Engagement Space
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.1.1 Intelligence Preparation of Battlefield: The Traditional (Surface-Centric) Approach
- 8.2 THE TRADITIONAL (SURFACE-CENTRIC) IPB PROCESS
- 8.2.1 IPB Phase I
- 8.2.2 IPB Phase II
- 8.2.3 IPB Phase III
- 8.2.4 IPB Phase IV
- 8.3 IPB Is Continuous
- 8.3.1 Counterinsurgency (COIN) and the New JIPOE
- 8.3.2 IPB in COIN
- 8.3.3 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment(JIPOE
- 8.4 ADAPTING IPB TO JIPOE FOR THE HUMAN TERRAIN
- 8.5 SUMMARY
- References
- Chapter 9 Information Fusion for Civilians: TheProspects of Mega-Collaboration
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.1.1 Informational Crowdsourcing
- 9.1.2 Mega-Collaboration
- 9.2 THE ROLE OF ICT IN DISASTER RECOVERY
- 9.2.1 New Dimensions in Research in Disaster Recovery
- 9.2.2 Calls for ICT Innovation for Disaster Collaboration Support
- 9.3 INFORMATION FUSION THROUGH MEGA-COLLABORATIONPROCESSES AND TOOLS
- 9.3.1 Social and Cultural Processes
- 9.3.2 Collaboration Management
- 9.3.3 The Contribution of Artificial Intelligence
- 9.3.4 Individual and Team Interfaces
- 9.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
- 9.4.1 Current Experimental Work
- 9.4.2 The Mega-Collaboration Tool
- 9.4.3 Use Cases
- 9.4.4 Required Features
- 9.5 CONCLUSIONS
- References
- Chapter 10 Virtual World Technologies
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 OVERVIEW OF VIRTUAL WORLDS
- 10.3 TYPES OF VIRTUAL WORLDS
- 10.4 VIRTUAL WORLDS AND LEARNING
- 10.5 THE WIKIPEDIA PHENOMENON
- 10.6 VIRTUAL WORLD COLLABORATION TOOLS AND PLATFORMS
- 10.6.1 Second Life
- 10.6.2 OLIVE by Forterra
- 10.6.3 ProtoSphere by Proton Media
- 10.7 LESSONS FROM ONLINE, MULTIPLAYER GAMINGCOMMUNITIES
- 10.8 SUMMARY
- References
- Chapter 11 Information Markets and Related Forms ofCollective Processing
- 11.1 CROWDSOURCING OF ANALYSIS
- 11.2 THE WISDOM OF CROWDS
- 11.3 HOW DO CROWDS EXPRESS WISDOM?
- 11.4 WHAT KINDS OF QUESTIONS BEST LEND THEMSELVES TOGROUP WISDOM?
- 11.5 WHERE IS ERROR INTRODUCED?
- 11.6 VARIETIES OF MARKET EXPERIENCE
- 11.7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- 11.8 FUTUREMAP: A BRIEF CASE STUDY
- 11.9 SUMMARY
- References
- Chapter 12 Hybrid Cognition and SituationAwareness: Perspectives for the Future ofHuman-Centered Fusion
- 12.1 INTRODUCTION
- 12.1.1 Reprising the Themes of Human-Centered Fusion
- 12.1.2 Dangers of Prediction
- 12.2 REQUIREMENTS PULL FOR HCF AND SA
- 12.2.1 Commercial Forces
- 12.2.2 Asymmetric Information Warfare
- 12.2.3 Military and Governmental Expectations and Demands
- 12.2.4 Demographics
- 12.3 TECHNOLOGY PUSH: ENABLERS FOR HCF
- 12.3.1 Interconnectivity
- 12.3.2 Computational Horsepower
- 12.3.3 Data Structures
- 12.3.4 Human-Data Interaction
- 12.3.5 Computer-Enhanced Humanity
- 12.4 THE BUSINESS CASE FOR HUMAN-CENTERED FUSION
- 12.4.1 Traditional Information Economics
- 12.4.2 Emerging Information Economics
- 12.4.3 The Emerging Paradox: Competing with "Free"
- 12.4.4 The Innovator's Dilemma for Information
- 12.4.5 Three Potential Business Models for Human-Centered Fusion
- 12.5 PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
- 12.6 CONCLUSION
- References
- About the Authors
- Index
