Essentials of Modern Physics Applied to the Study of the Infrared

Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction. The Rise and Increasing Complexity of Infrared Research I. The Discovery of the Infrared II. The Fundamental Research III. Rapid Progress after the War III.1. Industrial Production of Spectrometers III.2. Spectra Atlases III.3. A New Optics III.4. The Semiconductors IV. The Immediate Future IV.1. Lasers and Electronic Transitions in the Infrared IV.2. Interaction between Infrared and Waves of Thermal Motion in Solids IV.3. Application to Modern Chemistry, Television and Cybernetics Chapter 1. Elements of Instrumental Optics in the Infrared I. Energy Quantities Relative to Radiations I.1. Energy Flux radiated from a Source I.2. Intensity of a Point Source towards One Direction I.3. Luminance I.4. The Spread of a Beam I.5. Emittance of a Source I.6. Illumination of a Screen I.7. Flux transported per Unit of Wavelength, Specific Luminance, Emittance, Intensity and Illumination II. Radiation Dispersion II.1. General Points II.2. True Monochromators (prism monochromators) II.3. Pseudo Monochromators: Perot-Fabry Etalons and Gratings III. The Problem of Eliminating Stray Light III.1. Filters by Reflection III.2. Filters by Transmission III.3. Filters based on Selective Modulation IV. Multiplex Spectrometry IV.1. Spectrometer and Spectrograph, Multiplex Spectrometry IV.2. Interferometric Amplitude Modulator IV.3. Michelson's Interferometer, Modulation of Amplitude and Fourier's Analysis IV.4. Spectrometers with Grids or Multiple Slits V. Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 2. Sources of Infrared I. Introduction II. Thermal Emission II.1. Classical Theory of the Black Body, Continuous Emission II.2. Quantum Theory of the Black Body II.3. Thermal Emission: Continuous or Selective Emission II.4. Discharges in Gases, Black Body Emission of Plasma III. Mechanism of the Emission: Atomic or Molecular, Spontaneous or Stimulated III.1. Einstein's Coefficients, Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission, Absorption III.2. Spontaneous Emission of Cold Sources in the Infrared III.3. Stimulated Emission of Cold Sources in the Infrared: Lasers IV. Emission of Waves by Electric Circuits IV.1. Hertz's Experiments (1877) IV.2. Field radiated by an Oscillating Dipole IV.3. High Frequency Sinusoidal Oscillations of a Triode IV.4. Velocity Modulation Tubes IV.5. Harmonics Generation IV.6. The Cerenkov and the Smith-Purcell Effects IV.7. Cyclotronic Generator and Tunnel Diodes V. Conclusion BibliographyChapter 3. Infrared Detectors I. Introduction II. Thermal Detectors II.1 General Description, Temperature Rise of the Target II.2. Specific Volume II.3. Electric Resistance II.4. Thermoelectricity II.5. Pyroelectricity II.6. Photoemissivity of Electrons II.7. Absorption of a Semiconductor in the Zone where it becomes Transparent II.8. Thermosensitive Fluorescence II.9. Thermochroism II.10. Evaporography III. Quantum Detectors III.1. Quantum Detectors using the Electronic Levels of a Semiconductor III.2. Electronic Levels of an Ion, or of a Pair of Ions IV. Crystal Detectors V. Amplifiers, Noise Spectrum VI. Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 4. Propagation of Infrared in Empty Space and in Matter- Maxwell's Equations, Lorentz's Theory I. Introduction II. The Equation of Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave, the Search for a Plane Solution II.1.