
Towards a Social Science of Language
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- TOWARDS A SOCIAL SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE
- Editorial page
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Table of contents
- Preface
- Foreword
- Note
- I. The Social Organization of Variation and Change
- Dialect Typology: Isolation, Social Network and Phonological Structure
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Diachronic Features
- 2.1 Mergers and simplification
- 2.2 Diachronic Features: Assimilation
- 2.3 Diachronic features: Non-natural sound change
- 3. Synchronic Features
- 3.1 Allophonic complexity
- 3.2 Synchronic features: Fast speech phenomena
- 3.3 Synchronic features: Word length
- 3.4 Synchronic features: Inventories
- 4. Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Dialectand Style in the Speech of Upper Class Philadelphia
- 1. Introduction
- 2. A Definition of the Upper Class
- 3. Sampling and Methods
- 4. Results
- 4.1 Philadelphia upper class vowel pronunciation
- 4.2 The speech style of the upper class
- 5. Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- (ay) Goes to the City Exploring the expressive use of variation
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Are you a Detroiter?
- 3. (ay) in the Detroit Area
- 3.1 y deletion
- 3.2 Nucleus raising
- 4. The Social Value of (ay)
- 4.1 Extreme raising and key cultural themes
- 4.2 The interactional use of extreme raising
- 5. Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- SocialClass and Language Variation in Bilingual Speech Communities
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Background
- 3. Minority Language Use Restriction, Social Class and the Social Stratification of Language
- 3.1 Diphthongization
- 3.2 Possessive à vs. de
- 3.3 Vas vs. vais
- 3.4 Summary
- 4. Minority Language Use Restriction, Social Class, and Linguistic Change
- 4.1 Leveling of the 3sg/pl verb distinctions
- 4.2 Interference and borrowing
- 5. Discussion
- Notes
- References
- Why do women do this?" Sex and Gender Differences in Speech
- 1. Preliminaries
- 2. Fronting and Backing Processes: Iconicity and expressive postures
- 2.1 Evidence from phonetic research
- 3. Sex and Gender Differences in Cairene Arabic
- 4. Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Interactional Conditioning of Linguistic Heterogeneity
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Conceptual Framework
- 3. The Four Interactions
- 3.1 Mario
- 3.2 Paul
- 3.3 Marc
- 3.4 Guy
- 4. Selection of Cues
- 4.1 Summary
- 5. Acoustic Analysis
- 5.1 Results
- 5.2 Discussion
- 6. Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Peaksand Glides in Southern States Short-a
- 1. Conflicting Reports on Southern States Short-a
- 1.1 Data Base
- 1.2 SSE vs. NSE
- 2. Pronunciation of Short-a
- 2.1 Short-a raising
- 2.2 Short-a and gliding
- 2.3 Conditions on gliding in SSE
- 2.4 Suprasegmental: Rhythm
- 2.5 Gliding: Summary
- 3. Change in Progress: Demographics
- 3.1 Gliding
- 3.2 Short-a Raising
- 4. Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- Denasalization of the Velar Nasal in Tokyo Japanese: Observations in Real Time
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The velar nasal
- 3. Real Time Observations
- 4. Discussion
- Notes
- References
- II. The Linguistic Structure of Variation and Change
- Variation and Drift: Loss of Agreement in Germanic
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Subject-verb Agreement
- 2.1 First reduction
- 2.2 Second reduction
- 2.3 Unexpected innovations
- 2.4 Present variation
- 3. Strong/Weak Adjectives
- 3.1 Unexpected innovation
- 3.2 First reduction
- 3.3 Second reduction
- 3.4 Present variation
- 4. General Considerations
- 4.1 Drift
- 4.2 Innovation
- 4.3 Modularity
- 4.4 Variation
- 5. Moral
- Notes
- References
- Turning Different at the Turn of the Century: 19th Century Brazilian Portuguese
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Some Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
- 3. Analysis: The Emergence of Distinctive Syntax in BP
- 4. Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- Form and Function in Linguistic Variation
- 1. The Functional Hypothesis: Theoretical considerations
- 1.1 Formalizing distinctness
- 2. English Coronal Stop Deletion
- 2.1 Formal alternatives
- 3. -S Deletion in Portuguese
- 3.1 A formal analysis of -S deletion
- 3.2 -S deletion and distinctness
- 4. Denasalization in PBP
- 5. A Formal Explanation of the Portuguese Results
- 6. The Researcher's Paradox
- 7. Perception and Acquisition: The reproduction of functional constraints
- 7.1 Category strength
- 8. Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- The History of the Ancient Hebrew Modal System and Labov's Rule of Compensatory Structural Change
- 1. Consonant Cluster Simplification and the Tense System of VBE
- 2. Labov's Rule of Compensatory Structural Change
- 3. Apocope and the Modal System of Ancient Hebrew
- 4. Secondary Differences Become Opposition Markers in Hebrew and VBE
- 5. The Collapse of the Old Modal System
- 6. The Rise of a New Modal System
- 7. The Use of the Present to Explain the Past
- Notes
- References
- Phonetic Evidence for the Evolution of Lexical Classes: The Case of a Montreal French Vowel Shift
- 1. Relevant Theoretical Issues
- 1.1 Chain Shifts
- 1.2 Lexical Diffusion
- 2. The MLL Vowels of Montreal French
- 3. The Corpus
- 4. Perceptual Analysis
- 5. Perceptual Results
- 5.1 Raised vowels
- 5.2 Lowered vowels
- 5.3 Exceptional Lexical Classes
- 6. Acoustic Analysis
- 7. Possible Influencing Factors
- 7.1 Etymology as a possible factor
- 7.2 Word frequency as a possible factor
- 7.3 Semantic network as a possible influencing factor
- 8. Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- Phonological Rule Set Complexity in a Very Large Vocabulary Word Recognition System
- 1. Prologue
- 2. Introduction
- 3. System Characteristics and Modeling Units
- 4. Phonological Components
- 4.1 Overview
- 4.2 Baseforms-only phonology
- 4.3 Medium phonology
- 4.4 Large phonology
- 5. Experiment
- 6. Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- III. African-American Varieties of English
- The Origins of Variation in Guyanese
- 1. Explaining the Creole Continuum
- 2. Counterexamples to Conventional Model
- 3. New Model of Creole Development
- 3.1 The case of French creoles
- 3.2 Surinam creoles
- 4. Apparent Time Model of Language Change
- 5. The Problem of Guyanese
- 6. Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- The Urbanization of Creole Phonology: Variation and Change in Jamaican (KYA)
- 1. Description of the Variable (KYA)
- 2. History of (KYA)
- 3. Two Variable Speakers: A sociolinguistic description
- 4. Acoustic Data
- 5. Variation of (KYA) in the Community
- 6. The Change Process
- 7. Conclusion: The Creole speech community
- Notes
- References
- CopulaVariabilityin Jamaican Creole and African American Vernacular English: A Reanalysis of DeCamp's Texts
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Holm's (1976, 1984) Analysis
- 3. My Reanalysis
- 3.1 __Noun Phrase
- 3.2 __Locative
- 3.3 __Adjective
- 3.4 __Verb(+ed)
- 3.5 __Verb+ing and __Verb (+continuative)
- 3.6 __gwain V and __go V
- 3.7 Copula absence by following syntactic environment reconsidered
- 3.8 Variable rule analysis of the grammatical constraints on copula absence
- 4. Summary and Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Contraction and Deletion in African American Vernacular English: Creole History and Relationship to Euro-American English
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Problems with the Contraction/Deletion Analysis
- 2.1 The first generalization
- 2.2 The second generalization
- 2.3 The third generalization
- 2.4 The fourth generalization
- 3. The Creole-Origins Hypothesis
- 4. Contraction in Euro-American English.
- 5. The Preceding Environment
- 6. A New Approach to the Question of Creole Origin
- 7. Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Dimensions of a Theory of Econolinguistics
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Black English Research in the Development of Linguistic Science
- 3. Toward an Integrated Theory of Economics and Linguistics
- 3.1 Models of the economic and linguistic distribution of the population
- 4. The Data and the Speakers
- 4.1 Data collection
- 4.2 Russell: Then and now
- 4.3 Leon: Then and now
- 4.4 Jojo: Then and now
- 4.5 Carlos: Then and now
- 5. Results From Long-Term Analyses of African American English
- 5.1. Copula variation
- 5.2 Nonstandard negation
- 6. Tentative Implications for Policy
- 6.1 Educational relevance
- 6.2 Implications for future research
- 7. Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- William Labov: A Bibliography
- Books
- Articles
- Index
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