RF and Microwave Engineering
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"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-divisionundergraduates, graduate students, two-year technical programstudents, researchers/faculty, andprofessionals/practitioners." (Choice, 1 March2013)More details
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Prof. Frank Gustrau, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany
Frank Gustrau has worked as an RF engineer in academia and industry. In 2003 he became professor at the University of Applied Sciences and Art in Dortmund, Germany. Throughout his career Frank has supervised students in their project work, given lectures on different RF related topics and worked extensively with EM and RF circuit simulation tools.
Content
Preface xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
List of Symbols xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Radiofrequency and Microwave Applications 1
1.2 Frequency Bands 2
1.3 Physical Phenomena in the High Frequency Domain 4
1.3.1 Electrically Short Transmission Line 4
1.3.2 Transmission Line with Length Greater than One-Tenth of Wavelength 6
1.3.3 Radiation and Antennas 7
1.4 Outline of the Following Chapters 8
References 9
2 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves 11
2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields 11
2.1.1 Electrostatic Fields 11
2.1.2 Steady Electric Current and Magnetic Fields 18
2.1.3 Differential Vector Operations 23
2.2 Maxwell's Equations 24
2.2.1 Differential Form in the Time Domain 25
2.2.2 Differential Form for Harmonic Time Dependence 26
2.2.3 Integral Form 27
2.2.4 Constitutive Relations and Material Properties 29
2.2.5 Interface Conditions 32
2.3 Classification of Electromagnetic Problems 34
2.3.1 Static Fields 34
2.3.2 Quasi-Static Fields 34
2.3.3 Coupled Electromagnetic Fields 35
2.4 Skin Effect 36
2.5 Electromagnetic Waves 39
2.5.1 Wave Equation and Plane Waves 39
2.5.2 Polarization of Waves 43
2.5.3 Reflection and Refraction 46
2.5.4 Spherical Waves 53
2.6 Summary 55
2.7 Problems 55
References 57
Further Reading 57
3 Transmission Line Theory and Transient Signals on Lines 59
3.1 Transmission Line Theory 59
3.1.1 Equivalent Circuit of a Line Segment 59
3.1.2 Telegrapher's Equation 61
3.1.3 Voltage and Current Waves on Transmission Lines 63
3.1.4 Load-Terminated Transmission Line 67
3.1.5 Input Impedance 69
3.1.6 Loss-less Transmission Lines 71
3.1.7 Low-loss Transmission Lines 74
3.1.8 Transmission Line with Different Terminations 75
3.1.9 Impedance Transformation with Loss-less Lines 83
3.1.10 Reflection Coefficient 84
3.1.11 Smith Chart 87
3.2 Transient Signals on Transmission Lines 91
3.2.1 Step Function 91
3.2.2 Rectangular Function 101
3.3 Eye Diagram 102
3.4 Summary 104
3.5 Problems 106
References 107
Further Reading 107
4 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 109
4.1 Overview 109
4.2 Coaxial Line 112
4.2.1 Specific Inductance and Characteristic Impedance 112
4.2.2 Attenuation of Low-loss Transmission Lines 115
4.2.3 Technical Frequency Range 117
4.2.4 Areas of Application 119
4.3 Microstrip Line 119
4.3.1 Characteristic Impedance and Effective Permittivity 119
4.3.2 Dispersion and Technical Frequency Range 123
4.3.3 Areas of Application 124
4.4 Stripline 124
4.4.1 Characteristic Impedance 124
4.4.2 Technical Frequency Range 125
4.5 Coplanar Line 126
4.5.1 Characteristic Impedance and Effective Permittivity 127
4.5.2 Coplanar Waveguide over Ground 128
4.5.3 Coplanar Waveguides and Air Bridges 129
4.5.4 Technical Frequency Range 130
4.5.5 Areas of Application 130
4.6 Rectangular Waveguide 130
4.6.1 Electromagnetic Waves between Electric Side Walls 131
4.6.2 Dominant Mode (TE10) 135
4.6.3 Higher Order Modes 138
4.6.4 Areas of Application 139
4.6.5 Excitation of Waveguide Modes 140
4.6.6 Cavity Resonators 141
4.7 Circular Waveguide 143
4.8 Two-Wire Line 147
4.8.1 Characteristic Impedance 148
4.8.2 Areas of Application 148
4.9 Three-Conductor Transmission Line 149
4.9.1 Even and Odd Modes 149
4.9.2 Characteristic Impedances and Propagation Constants 152
4.9.3 Line Termination for Even and Odd Modes 154
4.10 Problems 154
References 155
5 Scattering Parameters 157
5.1 Multi-Port Network Representations 157
5.2 Normalized Power Waves 159
5.3 Scattering Parameters and Power 161
5.4 S-Parameter Representation of Network Properties 164
5.4.1 Matching 164
5.4.2 Complex Conjugate Matching 165
5.4.3 Reciprocity 167
5.4.4 Symmetry 168
5.4.5 Passive and Loss-less Circuits 168
5.4.6 Unilateral Circuits 169
5.4.7 Specific Characteristics of Three-Port Networks 169
5.5 Calculation of S-Parameters 170
5.5.1 Reflection Coefficients 170
5.5.2 Transmission Coefficients 170
5.5.3 Renormalization 173
5.6 Signal Flow Method 175
5.6.1 One-Port Network/Load Termination 176
5.6.2 Source 176
5.6.3 Two-Port Network 176
5.6.4 Three-Port Network 177
5.6.5 Four-Port Network 178
5.7 S-Parameter Measurement 181
5.8 Problems 184
References 186
Further Reading 186
6 RF Components and Circuits 187
6.1 Equivalent Circuits of Concentrated Passive Components 187
6.1.1 Resistor 187
6.1.2 Capacitor 189
6.1.3 Inductor 191
6.2 Transmission Line Resonator 192
6.2.1 Half-Wave Resonator 193
6.2.2 Quarter-Wave Resonator 194
6.3 Impedance Matching 196
6.3.1 LC-Networks 196
6.3.2 Matching Using Distributed Elements 199
6.4 Filter 203
6.4.1 Classical LC-Filter Design 203
6.4.2 Butterworth Filter 205
6.5 Transmission Line Filter 211
6.5.1 Edge-Coupled Line Filter 212
6.5.2 Hairpin Filter 218
6.5.3 Stepped Impedance Filter 218
6.5.4 Parasitic Box Resonance 219
6.5.5 Waveguide Filter 220
6.6 Circulator 222
6.7 Power Divider 223
6.7.1 Wilkinson Power Divider 223
6.7.2 Unequal Split Power Divider 224
6.8 Branchline Coupler 227
6.8.1 Conventional 3 dB Coupler 227
6.8.2 Unequal Split Branchline Coupler 229
6.9 Rat Race Coupler 231
6.10 Directional Coupler 231
6.11 Balanced-to-Unbalanced Circuits 234
6.12 Electronic Circuits 236
6.12.1 Mixers 238
6.12.2 Amplifiers and Oscillators 240
6.13 RF Design Software 242
6.13.1 RF Circuit Simulators 242
6.13.2 Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Simulators 242
6.14 Problems 246
References 247
Further Reading 248
7 Antennas 249
7.1 Fundamental Parameters 249
7.1.1 Nearfield and Farfield 249
7.1.2 Isotropic Radiator 252
7.1.3 Radiation Pattern and Related Parameters 252
7.1.4 Impedance Matching and Bandwidth 257
7.2 Standard Types of Antennas 259
7.3 Mathematical Treatment of the Hertzian Dipole 262
7.4 Wire Antennas 266
7.4.1 Half-Wave Dipole 266
7.4.2 Monopole 268
7.4.3 Concepts for Reducing Antenna Height 270
7.5 Planar Antennas 271
7.5.1 Rectangular Patch Antenna 272
7.5.2 Circularly Polarizing Patch Antennas 278
7.5.3 Planar Dipole and Inverted-F Antenna 280
7.6 Antenna Arrays 280
7.6.1 Single Element Radiation Pattern and Array Factor 280
7.6.2 Phased Array Antennas 285
7.6.3 Beam Forming 290
7.7 Modern Antenna Concepts 293
7.8 Problems 293
References 294
Further Reading 294
8 Radio Wave Propagation 295
8.1 Propagation Mechanisms 295
8.1.1 Reflection and Refraction 295
8.1.2 Absorption 296
8.1.3 Diffraction 296
8.1.4 Scattering 298
8.1.5 Doppler Effect 300
8.2 Basic Propagation Models 302
8.2.1 Free Space Loss 302
8.2.2 Attenuation of Air 305
8.2.3 Plane Earth Loss 305
8.2.4 Point-to-Point Radio Links 310
8.2.5 Layered Media 312
8.3 Path Loss Models 314
8.3.1 Multipath Environment 314
8.3.2 Clutter Factor Model 317
8.3.3 Okumura-Hata Model 317
8.3.4 Physical Models and Numerical Methods 319
8.4 Problems 321
References 321
Further Reading 322
Appendix A 323
A.1 Coordinate Systems 323
A.1.1 Cartesian Coordinate System 323
A.1.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System 324
A.1.3 Spherical Coordinate System 325
A.2 Logarithmic Representation 326
A.2.1 Dimensionless Quantities 326
A.2.2 Relative and Absolute Ratios 327
A.2.3 Link Budget 328
Index 331
