Petroleum Production Engineering, A Computer-Assisted Approach

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: A sketch of a petroleum production system. Figure 1.2: A typical hydrocarbon phase diagram. Figure 1.3: A sketch of a water-drive reservoir. Figure 1.4: A sketch of a gas-cap drive reservoir. Figure 1.5: A sketch of a dissolved-gas drive reservoir. Figure 1.6: A sketch of a typical flowing oil well. Figure 1.7: A sketch of a wellhead. Figure 1.8: A sketch of a casing head. Figure 1.9: A sketch of a tubing head. Figure 1.10: A sketch of a "Christmas tree." Figure 1.11: Sketch of a surface valve. Figure 1.12: A sketch of a wellhead choke. Figure 1.13: Conventional horizontal separator. Figure 1.14: Double action piston pump. Figure 1.15: Elements of a typical reciprocating compressor. Figure 1.16: Uses of offshore pipelines. Figure 1.17: Safety device symbols. Figure 1.18: Safety system designs for surface wellhead flowlines. Figure 1.19: Safety system designs for underwater wellhead flowlines. Figure 1.20: Safety system design for pressure vessel. Figure 1.21: Safety system design for pipeline pumps. Figure 1.22: Safety system design for other pumps. Figure 3.1: A sketch of a radial flow reservoir model: (a) lateral view, (b) top view. Figure 3.2: A sketch of a reservoir with a constant-pressure boundary. Figure 3.3: A sketch of a reservoir with no-flow boundaries. Figure 3.4: (a) Shape factors for various closed drainage areas with low-aspect ratios.(b) Shape factors for closed drainage areas with high-aspect ratios. Figure 3.5: A typical IPR curve for an oil well. Figure 3.6: Transient IPR curve for Example Problem3.1. Figure 3.7: Steady-state IPR curve for Example Problem 3.1. Figure 3.8: Pseudo-steady-state IPR curve for Example Problem 3.1. Figure 3.9: IPR curve for Example Problem 3.2. Figure 3.10: Generalized Vogel IPR model for partial two-phase reservoirs. Figure 3.11: IPR curve for Example Problem 3.3. Figure 3.12: IPR curves for Example Problem 3.4, Well A. Figure 3.13: IPR curves for Example Problem 3.4, Well B Figure 3.14: IPR curves for Example Problem 3.5. Figure 3.15: IPR curves of individual layers. Figure 3.16: Composite IPR curve for all the layers open to flow. Figure 3.17: Composite IPR curve for Group 2 (LayersB4, C1, and C2). Figure 3.18: Composite IPR curve for Group 3 (LayersB1, A4, and A5). Figure 3.19: IPR curves for Example Problem 3.6. Figure 3.20: IPR curves for Example Problem 3.7. Figure 4.1: Flow along a tubing string. Figure 4.2: Darcy-Wiesbach friction factor diagram. Figure 4.3: Flow regimes in gas-liquid flow. Figure 4.4: Pressure traverse given by Hagedorn BrownCorreltion.xls for Example. Figure 4.5: Calculated tubing pressure profile for Example Problem 4.5. Figure 5.1: A typical choke performance curve. Figure 5.2: Choke flow coefficient for nozzle-type chokes. Figure 5.3: Choke flow coefficient for orifice-type chokes. Figure 6.1: Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.1. Figure 6.2: Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.4. Figure 6.3: Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.5. Figure 6.4: Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.6. Figure 6.5: Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.8. Figure 6.6: Schematic of a multilateral well trajectory. Figure 6.7: Nomenclature of a multilateral well. Figure 7.1: Nodal analysis plot for Example Problem 7.1. Figure 7.2: Production forecast for Example Problem 7.2. Figure 7.3: Nodal analysis plot for Example Problem 7.2. Figure 7.4: Production forecast for Example Problem 7.2 Figure 7.3: Production forecast for Example Problem 7.3. Figure 7.4: Result of production forecast for Example Problem 7.4. Figure 8.1: A semilog plot of q versus t indicating an exponential decline. Figure 8.2: A plot of Np versus q indicating an exponential decline. Figure 8.3: A plot of log(q) versus log(t) indicating a harmonic decline. Figure 8.4: A plot of Np versus log(q) indicating a harmonic decline. Figure 8.5: A plot of relative decline rate versus production rate. Figure 8.6: Procedure for determining a- and b-values. Figure 8.7: A plot of log(q) versus t showing an exponential decline. Figure 8.8: Relative decline rate plot showing exponential decline. Figure 8.9: Projected production rate by an exponential decline model. Figure 8.10: Relative decline rate plot showing harmonic decline. Figure 8.11: Projected production rate by a harmonic decline model. Figure 8.12: Relative decline rate plot showing hyperbolic decline. Figure 8.13: Relative decline rate plot showing hyperbolic decline. Figure 8.14: Projected production rate by a hyperbolic decline model. Figure 9.1: A simple uniaxial test of a metal specimen. Figure 9.2: Effect of tension stress on tangential stress. Figure 9.3: Tubing-packer relation. Figure 9.4: Ballooning and buckling effects. Figure 10.1: A typical vertical separator. Figure 10.2: A typical horizontal separator. Figure 10.3: A typical horizontal double-tube separator. Figure 10.4: A typical horizontal three-phase separator. Figure 10.5: A typical spherical low-pressure separator. Figure 10.6: Water content of natural gases. Figure 10.7: Flow diagram of a typical solid desiccant dehydration plant. Figure 10.8: Flow diagram of a typical glycol dehydrator. Figure 10.9: Gas capacity of vertical inlet scrubbers based on 0.7-specific gravity at 100 °F. Figure 10.10: Gas capacity for trayed glycol contactors based on 0.7-specific gravity at 100 °F. Figure 10.11: Gas capacity for packed glycol contactors based on 0.7-specific gravity...