The Adaptive Brain II

Name: The Adaptive Brain II | Vision, Speech, Language, and Motor Control
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Vision, Speech, Language, and Motor Control

Stephen Grossberg(Author)

Unknown Author(Editor)

Elsevier (Publisher)

Published on 1. January 1987

512 pages

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978-0-08-086697-0 (ISBN)

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Front Cover
The Adaptive Brain II
Copyright Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. THE QUANTIZED GEOMETRY OF VISUAL SPACE: THE COHERENT COMPUTATION OF DEPTH, FORM, AND LIGHTNESS
1. Introduction: The Abundance of Visual Models
2. The Quantized Geometry of Visual Space
3. The Need for Theories Which Match the Data's Coherence
4. Some Influences of Perceived Depth on Perceived Size
5. Some Monocular Constraints on Size Perception
6. Multiple Scales in Figure and Ground: Simultaneous Fusion and Rivalry
7. Binocular Matching, Competitive Feedback, and Monocular Self-Matching
8. Against the Keplerian View: Scale-Sensitive Fusion and Rivalry
9. Local versus Global Spatial Scales
10. Interaction of Perceived Form and Perceived Position
11. Some Influences of Perceived Depth and Form on Perceived Brightness
12. Some Influences of Perceived Brightness on Perceived Depth
13. The Binocular Mixing of Monocular Brightnesses
14. The Insufficiency of Disparity Computations
15. The Insufficiency of Fourier Models
16. The Insufficiency of Linear Feedforward Theories
17. The Filling-In Dilemma: To Have Your Edge and Fill-In Too
18. Edges and Fixations: The Ambiguity of Statistically Uniform Regions
19. Object Permanence and Multiple Spatial Scales
20. Cooperative versus Competitive Binocular Interactions
21. Reflectance Processing, Weber Law Modulation, and Adaptation Level in Feedforward Shunting Competitive Networks
22. Pattern Matching and Multidimensional Scaling Without a Metric
23. Weber Law and Shift Property Without Logarithms
24. Edge, Spatial Frequency, and Reflectance Processing by the Receptive Fields of Distance-Dependent Feedforward Networks
25. Statistical Analysis by Structural Scales: Edges With Scaling and Reflectance Properties Preserved
26. Correlation of Monocular Scaling With Binocular Fusion
27. Noise Suppression in Feedback Competitive Networks
28. Sigmoid Feedback Signals and Tuning
29. The Interdependence of Contrast Enhancement and Tuning
30. Normalization and Multistability in a Feedback Competitive Network: A Limited Capacity Short Term Memory System
31. Propagation of Normalized Disinhibitory Cues
32. Structural versus Functional Scales
33. Disinhibitory Propagation of Functional Scaling From Boundaries to Interiors
34. Quantization of Functional Scales: Hysteresis and Uncertainty
35. Phantoms
36. Functional Length and Emmert's Law
37. Functional Lightness and the Cornsweet Effect
38. The Monocular Length-Luminance Effect
39. Spreading FIRE: Pooled Binocular Edges, False Matches, Allelotropia, Binocular Brightness Summation, and Binocular Length Scaling
40. Figure-Ground Separation by Filling-In Barriers
41. The Principle of Scale Equivalence and the Curvature of Activity-Scale Correlations: Fechner's Paradox, Equidistance Tendency, and Depth Without Disparity
42. Reflectance Rivalry and Spatial Frequency Detection
43. Resonance in a Feedback Dipole Field: Binocular Development and Figure-Ground Completion
44. Binocular Rivalry
45. Concluding Remarks About Filling-In and Quantization
Appendix
References
CHAPTER 2. NEURAL DYNAMICS OF FORM PERCEPTION: BOUNDARY COMPLETION, ILLUSORY FIGURES, AND NEON COLOR SPREADING
1. Illusions as a Probe of Adaptive Visual Mechanisms
2. From Noisy Retina to Coherent Percept
3. Boundary Contour System and Feature Contour System
4. Boundary Contours and Boundary Completion
5. Feature Contours and Diffusive Filling-In
6. Macrocircuit of Processing Stages
7. Neon Color Spreading and Complementary Color Induction
8. Contrast, Assimilation, and Grouping
9. Boundary Completion: Positive Feedback Between Local Competition and Long-Range Cooperation of Oriented Boundary Contour Segments
10. Boundary Completion as a Statistical Process: Textural Grouping and Object Recognition
11. Perpendicular versus Parallel Contour Completion
12. Spatial Scales and Brightness Contrast
13. Boundary-Feature Trade-Off: Orientational Uncertainty and Perpendicular End Cutting
14. Induction of "Real" Contours Using "Illusory" Contour Mechanisms
15. Gated Dipole Fields
16. Boundary Completion: Oriented Cooperation Among Multiple Spatial Scales
17. Computer Simulations
18. Brightness Paradoxes and the Land Retinex Theory
19. Related Data and Concepts About Illusory Contours
20. Cortical Data and Predictions
21. Concluding Remarks
Appendix: Dynamics of Boundary Formation
References
CHAPTER 3. NEURAL DYNAMICS OF PERCEPTUAL GROUPING: TEXTURES, BOUNDARIES, AND EMERGENT SEGMENTATIONS
1. Introduction: Towards A Universal Set of Rules for Perceptual Grouping
2. The Role of Illusory Contours
3. Discounting the Illuminant: Color Edges and Featural Filling-In
4. Featural Filling-In Over Stabilized Scenic Edges
5. Different Rules for Boundary Contours and Feature Contours
6. Boundary-Feature Trade-Off: Every Line End Is Illusory
7. Parallel Induction by Edges versus Perpendicular Induction by Line Ends
8. Boundary Completion via Cooperative-Competitive Feedback Signaling: CC Loops and the Statistics of Grouping
9. Form Perception versus Object Recognition: Invisible but Potent Boundaries
10. Analysis of the Beck Theory of Textural Segmentation: Invisible Colinear Cooperation
11. The Primacy of Slope
12. Statistical Properties of Oriented Receptive Fields: OC Filters
13. Competition Between Perpendicular Subjective Contours
14. Multiple Distance-Dependent Boundary Contour Interactions: Explaining Gestalt Rules
15. Image Contrasts and Neon Color Spreading
16. Computer Simulations of Perceptual Grouping
17. On-Line Statistical Decision Theory and Stochastic Relaxation
18. Correlations Which Cannot Be Perceived: Simple Cells, Complex Cells, and Cooperation
19. Border Locking: The Cafe Wall Illusion
20. Boundary Contour System Stages: Predictions About Cortical Architectures
21. Concluding Remarks: Universality of the Boundary Contour System
Appendix: Boundary Contour System Equations
References
CHAPTER 4. NEURAL DYNAMICS OF BRIGHTNESS PERCEPTION: FEATURES, BOUNDARIES, DIFFUSION, AND RESONANCE
1. Paradoxical Percepts as Probes of Adaptive Processes
2. The Boundary-Contour System and the Feature Contour System
3. Boundary Contours and Boundary Completion
4. Feature Contours and Diffusive Filling-In
5. Macrocircuit of Processing Stages
6. FIRE: Resonant Lifting of Preperceptual Data into a Form-in-Depth Percept
7. Binocular Rivalry, Stabilized Images, and the Ganzfeld
8. The Interplay of Controlled and Automatic Processes
9. Craik-O'Brien Luminance Profiles and Multiple Step Illusions
10. Smoothly Varying Luminance Contours versus Steps of Luminance Change
11. The Asymmetry Between Brightness Contrast and Darkness Contrast
12. Simulations of FIRE
13. Fechner's Paradox
14. Binocular Brightness Averaging and Summation
15. Simulation of a Parametric Binocular Brightness Study
16. Concluding Remarks
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
CHAPTER 5. ADAPTATION AND TRANSMITTER GATING IN VERTEBRATE PHOTORECEPTORS
1. Introduction
2. Transmitters as Gates
3. Intracellular Adaptation and Overshoot
4. Monotonic Increments and Nonmonotonic Overshoots to Flashes on Variable Background
5. Miniaturized Transducers and Enzymatic Activation of Transmitter Production
6. Trun-Around of Potential Peaks at High Background Intensities
7. Double Flash Experiments
8. Antagonistic Rebound by an Intracellular Dipole: Rebound Hyperpolarization Due to Current Offset
9. Coupling of Gated Input to the Photoreceptor Potential
10. "Extra" Slow Conductance During Overshoot and Double Flash Experiments
11. Shift Property and its Relationship to Enzymatic Modulation
12. Rebound Hyperpolarization, Antagonistic Rebound, and Input Doubling
13. Transmitter Mobilization
14. Quantitative Analysis of Models
15. Comparison with the Baylor, Hodgkin, Lamb Model
16. Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 6. THE ADAPTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION OF SERIAL ORDER IN BEHAVIOR: SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND MOTOR CONTROL
1. Introduction: Principles of Self-Organization in Models of Serial Order: Performance Models versus Self-Organizing Models
2. Models of Lateral Inhibition, Temporal Order, Letter Recognition, Spreading Activation, Associative Learning, Categorical Perception, and Memory Search: Some Problem Areas
3. Associative Learning by Neural Networks: Interactions Between STM and LTM
4. LTM Unit is a Spatial Pattern: Sampling and Factorization
5. Outstar Learning: Factorizing Coherent Patterns From Chaotic Activity
6. Sensory Expectations, Motor Synergies, and Temporal Order Information
7. Ritualistic Learning of Serial Behavior: Avalanches
8. Decoupling Order and Rhythm: Nonspecific Arousal aa a Velocity Command
9. Reaction Time and Performance Speed-Up
10. Hierarchical Chunking and the Learning of Serial Order
11. Self-Organization of Plans: The Goal Paradox
12. Temporal Order Information in LTM
13. Read-Out and Self-Inhibition of Ordered STM Traces
14. The Problem of STM-LTM Order Reversal
15. Serial Learning
16. Rhythm Generators and Rehearsal Waves
17. Shunting Competitive Dynamics in Pattern Processing and STM: Automatic Self-Tuning by Parallel Interactions
18. Choice, Contrast Enhancement, Limited STM Capacity, snd Quenching Threshold
19. Limited Capacity Without a Buffer: Automaticity versus Competition
20. Hill Climbing and the Rich Get Richer
21. Instar Learning: Adaptive Filtering and Chunking
22. Spatial Gradients, Stimulus Generalization, and Categorical Perception
23. The Progressive Sharpening of Memory: Tuning Prewired Perceptual Categories
24. Stabilizing the Coding of Large Vocabularies: Top-Down Expectancies and STM Reset by Unexpected Events
25. Expectancy Matching and Adaptive Resonance
26. The Processing of Novel Events: Pattern Completion versus Search of Associative Memory
27. Recognition, Automaticity, Primes, and Capacity
28. Anchors, Auditory Contrast, and Selective Adaptation
29. Training of Attentional Set and Perceptual Categories
30. Circular Reactions, Babbling, and the Development of Auditory-Articulatory Space
31. Analysis-By-Synthesis and the Imitation of Novel Events
32. A Moving Picture of Continuously Interpolated Terminal Motor Maps: Coarticulation and Articulatory Undershoot
33. A Context-Sensitive STM Code for Event Sequences
34. Stable Unitization and Temporal Order Information in STM: The LTM Invariance Principle
35. Transient Memory Span, Grouping, and Intensity-Time Tradeoffs
36. Backward Effects and Effects of Rate on Recall Order
37. Seeking the Most Predictive Representation: 375 All Letters and Words are Lists
38. Spatial Frequency Analysis of Temporal Patterns by a Masking Field: Word Length and Superiority
39. The Temporal Chunking Problem
40. The Masking Field: Joining Temporal Order to Differential Masking via an Adaptive Filter
41. The Principle of Self-Similarity and the Magic Number
42. Developmental Equilibration of the Adaptive Filter and its Target Masking Field
43. The Self-Similar Growth Rule and the Opposites Attract Rule
44. Automatic Parsing, Learned Superiority Effects, and Serial Position Effects During Pattern Completion
45. Gray Chips or Great Ships?
46. Sensory Recognition versus Motor Recall: Network Lesions and Amnesias
47. Four Types of Rhythm: Their Reaction Times and Arousal Sources
48. Concluding Remarks
Appendix: Dynamical Equations
References
CHAPTER 7. NEURAL DYNAMICS OF WORD RECOGNITION AND RECALL: ATTENTIONAL PRIMING, LEARNING, AND RESONANCE
1. Introduction
2. Logogens and Embedding Fields
3. Verification by Serial Search
4. Automatic Activation and Limited-Capacity Attention
5. Interactive Activation and Parallel Access
6. The View from Adaptive Resonance Theory
7. Elements of the Microtheory: Tuning, Categories, Matching, and Resonance
8. Counting Stages: Resonant Equilibration as Verification and Attention
9. Attentional Gain Control versus Attentional Priming: The 2/3 Rule
10. A Macrocircuit for the Self-Organization of Recognition and Recall
11. The Schvaneveldt-McDonald Lexical Decision Experiments: Template Feedback and List-Item Error Trade-Off
12. Word Frequency Effects in Recognition and Recall
13. Analysis of the Underwood and Freund Theory
14. Analysis of the Mandler Theory
15. The Role of Intra-List Restructuring and Contextual Associations
16. An Explanation of Recognition and Recall Differences
17. Concluding Remarks
References
CHAPTER 8. NEURAL DYNAMICS OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE CODING: DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS, PERCEPTUAL GROUPING, AND COMPETITION FOR SHORT TERM MEMORY
1. Introduction: Context-Sensitivity of Self-Organizing Speech and Language Units
2. Developmental Rules Imply Cognitive Rules as Emergent Properties of Neural Network interactions
3. A Macrocircuit for the Self-Organization of Recognition and Recall
4. Masking Fields
5. The Temporal Chunking Problem: Seeking the Most Predictive Representation
6. The Word Length Effect
7. All Letters Are Sublists: Which Computational Units Can Self-Organize?
8. Self-Organization of Auditory-Motor Features, Items, and Synergies
9. Temporal Order Information Across Item Representations: The Spatial Recoding of Temporal Order
10. The LTM Invariance Principle
11. The Emergence of Complex Speech and Language Units
12. List Chunks, Recognition, and Recall
13. The Design of a Masking Field: Spatial Frequency Analysis of Item-Order Information
14. Development of a Masking Field: Random Growth and Self-Similar Growth
15. Activity-Contingent Self-Similar Cell Growth
16. Sensitivity to Multiple Scales and Intrascale Variations
17. Hypothesis Formation, Anticipation, Evidence, and Prediction
18. Computer Simulations
19. Shunting On-Center Off-Surround Networks
20. Mass Action Interaction Rules
21. Self-Similar Growth Within List Nodes
22. Conservation of Synaptic Sites
23. Random Growth from Item Nodes to List Nodes
24. Self-Similar Competitive Growth Between List Nodes
25. Contrast Enhancement by Sigmoid Signal Functions
26. Concluding Remarks: Grouping and Recognition Without Algorithms or Search
Appendix
References
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