
Introduction to Elementary Particles
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Content
2 Elementary Particle Dynamics
3 Relativistic Kinematics
4 Symmetries
5 Bound States
6 The Feynman Calculus
7 Quantum Electrodynamics
8 Electrodynamics and Chromodynamics of Quarks
9 Weak Interactions
10 Gauge Theories
11 Neutrino Oscillations
12 Afterword: What´s Next?
A The Dirac Delta Function
B Decay Rates and Cross Sections
C Pauli and Dirac Matrices
D Feynman Rules (Tree Level)
Formulas and Constants Particle Data
Mass in MeV/c2, lifetime in seconds, charge in units of the proton charge.
Leptons (spin 1/2)
Generation Flavor Charge Mass* Lifetime Principal Decays first e (electron) -1 0.510999 8 - ve (e neutrino) 0 0 8 - second µ (muon) -1 105.659 2.19703 × 10-6 vµ (i neutrino) 0 0 8 - third T (tau) -1 1776.99 2.91 × 10-13 vt (t neutrino) 0 0 8 -
* Neutrino masses are extremely small, and for most purposes can be taken to be zero; for details see Chapter 11.
Quarks (spin 1/2)
Generation Flavor Charge Mass* first d (down) -1/3 7 u (up) 2/3 3 second s (strange) -1/3 120 c (charm) 2/3 1200 third b (bottom) -1/3 4300 t (top) 2/3 174000
* Light quark masses are imprecise and speculative; for effective masses in mesons and baryons, see Chapter 5.
Mediators (spin 1)
Force Mediator Charge Mass* Lifetime Principal Decays Strong g (8 gluons) 0 0 8 - Electromagnetic ? (photon) 0 0 8 - Weak W± (charged) ±1 80,420 3.11 × 10-25 e+ve, µ+vµ, s+vt, cX hadrons Z° (neutral) 0 91,190 2.64 × 10-25
Baryons (spin 1/2)
Baryon Quark Content Charge Mass Lifetime Principal Decays uud 1 938.272 8 - udd 0 939.565 885.7 ? uds 0 1115.68 2.63 × 10-10 pp-, np0 S+ uus 1 1189.37 8.02 × 10-11 pp0, np- S0 uds 0 1192.64 7.4 × 10-20 ?? S- dds -1 1197.45 1.48 × 10-10 np- ?0 uss 0 1314.8 2.90 × 10-10 ?p0 ?- dss -1 1321.3 1.64 × 10-10 ?p- udc 1 2286.5 2.00 × 10-13 pKp, ?pp, Spp
Baryons (spin 3/2)
Baryon Quark Content Charge Mass Lifetime Principal Decays ? uuu, uud, udd, ddd 2,1,0,-1 1232 5.6 × 10-24 Np S* uus, uds, dds 1,0,-1 1385 1.8 × 10-23 ?p, Sp ?* uss, dss 0,-1 1533 6.9 × 10-23 ?p O- sss -1 1672 8.2 × 10-11 ?K-, ?p
Pseudoscalar Mesons (spin 0)
Vector Mesons (spin 1)
Spin 1/2
Pauli Matrices:
Dirac Matrices:
(For product rules and trace theorems see Appendix C.)
Dirac Equation:
Feynman Rules
(For vertex factors see Appendix D.)
Fundamental Constants
Planck's constant: h = 1.05457 × 10-34 J s = 6.58212 × 10-22 MeV s Speed of light: c = 2.99792 × 108 m/s Mass of electron: me = 9.10938 × 10-31kg = 0.510999 MeV/c2 Mass of proton: mp = 1.67262 × 10-27kg = 938.272 MeV/c2 Electron charge (magnitude): e = 1.60218 × 10-19 C = 4.80320 × 10-10 esu Fine structure constant: a = e2/hc = 1/137.036 Bohr radius: a = h2/mee2 = 5.29177 × 10-11 m Bohr energies: En = -mee4/2h2n2 = -13.6057/n2 eV Classical electron radius: re = e2/mec2 = 2.81794 × 10-15 m QED coupling constant: ge = Weak coupling constants: gw = ge/sin?w = 0.6295; gz = gw/ cos ?w = 0.7180 Weak mixing angle: ?w = 28.76° (sin2 ?w = 0.2314) Strong coupling constant: gs = 1.214
Conversion Factors
1Å = 0.1 nm= 10-10 m 1 fm = 10-15 m 1 barn = 10- 28...
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