Polymer Testing

Name: Polymer Testing
Brand: Hanser Publications
Price: 249.99 EUR
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Wolfgang Grellmann Sabine Seidler(Editor)

Hanser Publications (Publisher)

3rd Edition

Published on 7. June 2022

780 pages

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978-1-56990-807-5 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
The Authors
The Editors
Wolfgang Grellmann
Sabine Seidler
The Co-Authors
Nomenclature (Selection)
Terminology
Materials - Symbols and Abbreviated Terms
1 Introduction
1.1 The Genesis of Polymer Testing as a Science
1.2 Factors Influencing Data Acquisition
1.3 Classification of Polymer Testing Methods
1.4 Standards and Regulatory Codes for Polymer Testing
1.5 Compilation of Standards
2 Preparation of Specimens
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Testing Molding Materials
2.3 Specimen Preparation
2.3.1 General Remarks
2.3.2 Specimen Preparation by Direct Shaping
2.3.2.1 Production of Specimens from Thermoplastic Molding Materials
2.3.2.2 Production of Specimens from Thermosetting Molding Materials
2.3.2.3 Production of Specimens from Elastomeric Materials
2.3.3 Specimen Preparation by Indirect Shaping
2.3.4 Characterization of Specimen State
2.4 Specimen Preparation and Conditioning
2.5 Compilation of Standards
3 Determining Process-Related Properties
3.1 Molding Materials
3.2 Determining Bulk Material Properties
3.2.1 Bulk Density, Compacted Apparent Density, Fill Factor
3.2.2 Pourability, Repose Angle , Slide Angle
3.3 Determining the Properties of Fluids
3.3.1 Rheological Fundamentals
3.3.1.1 Viscosity of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
3.3.1.2 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Viscosity
3.3.1.3 Molecular Mass Influence on Viscosity
3.3.1.4 Volume Properties
3.3.2 Measuring Rheological Properties
3.3.2.1 Rheometry/Viscometry
3.3.2.2 Rotational Rheometers
3.3.2.3 Capillary Rheometers
3.3.2.4 Extensional Rheometers
3.3.3 Selecting Measurement Methods for Characterizing Polymer Materials
3.4 Compilation of Standards
4 Mechanical Properties of Polymers
4.1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanical Behavior
4.1.1 Mechanical Loading Parameters
4.1.1.1 Stress
4.1.1.2 Strain
4.1.2 Material Behavior and Constitutive Equations
4.1.2.1 Elastic Behavior
4.1.2.2 Viscous Behavior
4.1.2.3 Viscoelastic Behavior
4.1.2.4 Plastic Behavior
4.2 Mechanical Spectroscopy
4.2.1 Experimental Determination of Time-Dependent Mechanical Properties
4.2.1.1 Static Testing Methods
4.2.1.2 Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
4.2.2 Time and Temperature Dependence of Viscoelastic Properties
4.2.3 Structural Factors Influencing Viscoelastic Properties
4.3 Quasi-Static Test Methods
4.3.1 Deformation Behavior of Polymers
4.3.2 Tensile Tests on Polymers
4.3.2.1 Theoretical Basis of the Tensile Test
4.3.2.2 Conventional Tensile Tests
4.3.2.3 Enhanced Information of Tensile Tests
4.3.3 Tear Test
4.3.4 Compression Test on Polymers
4.3.4.1 Theoretical Basis of the Compression Test
4.3.4.2 Performance and Evaluation of Compression Tests
4.3.5 Bend Tests on Polymers
4.3.5.1 Theoretical Basis of the Bend Test
4.3.5.2 The Standardized Bend Test
4.4 Impact Loading
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Charpy Impact Test and Notched Charpy Impact Test
4.4.3 Tensile-Impact and Notched Tensile-Impact Tests
4.4.4 Free-Falling Dart Test and Puncture Impact Test
4.5 Fatigue Behavior
4.5.1 Fundamentals
4.5.2 Experimental Determination of Fatigue Behavior
4.5.3 Planning and Evaluating Fatigue Tests
4.5.4 Factors Influencing the Fatigue Behavior and Service-Life Prediction of Service Life for Polymers
4.6 Long-Term Static Behavior
4.6.1 Fundamentals
4.6.2 Tensile Creep Test
4.6.3 Flexural Creep Test
4.6.4 Creep Compression Test
4.7 Hardness Test Methods
4.7.1 Principles of Hardness Testing
4.7.2 Conventional Hardness Testing Methods
4.7.2.1 Test Methods for Determining Hardness Values after Unloading
4.7.2.2 Test Methods for Determining Hardness Values under Load
4.7.2.3 Special Test Methods
4.7.2.4 Comparability of Hardness Values
4.7.3 Instrumented Hardness Test
4.7.3.1 Fundamentals of Measurement Methodology
4.7.3.2 Material Parameters Derived from Instrumented Hardness Tests
4.7.3.3 Examples of Applications
4.7.4 Correlating Microhardness with Yield Stress and Fracture Toughness
4.8 Friction and Wear
4.8.1 Introduction
4.8.2 Fundamentals of Friction and Wear
4.8.2.1 Frictional Forces
4.8.2.2 Temperature Increase Resulting from Friction
4.8.2.3 Wear as a System Characteristic
4.8.2.4 Wear Mechanisms and Formation of Transfer Film
4.8.3 Wear Tests and Wear Characteristics
4.8.3.1 Selected Model Wear Tests
4.8.3.2 Wear Parameters and Their Determination
4.8.3.3 Wear Parameters and Their Presentation
4.8.4 Selected Experimental Results
4.8.4.1 Counterbody Influence
4.8.4.2 Influencing of Fillers
4.8.4.3 Influence of Loading Parameters
4.8.4.4 Predicting Properties via Artificial Neural Networks
4.8.5 Summary
4.9 Compilation of Standards
5 Fracture Toughness Measurements in Engineering Plastics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Current State and Development Trends
5.3 Fundamental Concepts of Fracture Mechanics
5.3.1 Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)
5.3.2 Crack-Tip-Opening Displacement (CTOD) Concept
5.3.3 J-Integral Concept
5.3.4 Crack Resistance (R-) Curve Concept
5.4 Experimental Determination of Fracture Mechanical Parameters
5.4.1 Quasi-Static Loading
5.4.2 Instrumented Charpy Impact Test
5.4.2.1 Test Configuration
5.4.2.2 Maintenance of Experimental Conditions
5.4.2.3 Types of Load-Deflection Diagrams - Optimization of Diagram Shape
5.4.2.4 Special Approximation Methods for Estimating J Values
5.4.2.5 Requirements for Specimen Geometry
5.4.3 Instrumented Free-Falling Dart Test
5.5 Applications for Material Development
5.5.1 Fracture Mechanical Toughness Evaluation on Modified Polymers
5.5.1.1 Particle Filled Thermoplastics
5.5.1.2 Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics
5.5.1.3 Blends and Copolymers
5.5.2 Instrumented Tensile-Impact Testing for Product Evaluation
5.5.3 Consideration of Fracture Behavior for Material Selection and Dimensioning
5.6 Compilation of Standards
6 Testing of Physical Properties
6.1 Thermal Properties
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Determining Heat Conductivity
6.1.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
6.1.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
6.1.5 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)
6.2 Optical Properties
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Reflection and Diffraction
6.2.2.1 Directed and Diffuse Reflection
6.2.2.2 Refractive Index Determination
6.2.3 Dispersion
6.2.4 Polarization
6.2.4.1 Optical Activity
6.2.4.2 Polarization of Optical Components
6.2.4.3 Polarization-Optical Testing Methods
6.2.5 Transmission, Absorption and Reflection
6.2.6 Gloss, Intrinsic Diffuse Reflectance and Haze
6.2.7 Color
6.2.8 Transparency and Translucency
6.2.9 Infrared Spectroscopy
6.2.10 Laser Technology
6.2.11 Testing the Stability of Optical Values
6.3 Electrical and Dielectrical Properties
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Physical Fundamentals
6.3.3 Electrical Conductivity and Resistance
6.3.3.1 Volume Resistivity
6.3.3.2 Surface Resistivity
6.3.3.3 Insulation Resistance
6.3.3.4 Contacting and Specimen Preparation
6.3.4 Dielectrical Properties and Dielectrical Spectroscopy
6.3.4.1 Relaxation Processes
6.3.4.2 Alternating Current Conductivity (AC Conductivity)
6.3.4.3 Broadband Dielectric Measurement Techniques
6.3.5 Special Technical Testing Methods
6.3.5.1 Electrostatic Charge
6.3.5.2 Electric Strength
6.3.5.3 Creep Resistance and Arc Resistance
6.4 Compilation of Standards
7 Evaluating Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance
7.1 General Remarks on the Failure of Polymers in Aggressive Fluids
7.2 Testing Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance
7.2.1 Test Methods for Determining Environmental Stress Crack Formation
7.2.2 Examples for Evaluating Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance with Standardized Test Methods
7.2.3 Fracture Mechanics Test Methods
7.3 Modeling Plastics Failure in Fluids Caused by Stress Cracking
7.4 Factors Influencing Stress Cracking Behavior
7.4.1 Crosslinking
7.4.2 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
7.4.3 Branching
7.4.4 Crystalline Regions
7.4.5 Molecular Orientation
7.4.6 Physical-Chemical Interaction Processes
7.4.7 Viscosity of the Immersion Fluid
7.4.8 Influence of Test Specimen Thickness
7.4.9 Temperature Influence
7.5 Compilation of Standards
8 Non-Destructive Polymer Testing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Non-Destructive Testing by Electromagnetic Waves
8.2.1 X-Ray Radiation
8.2.1.1 Projection Methods by Means of Absorption
8.2.1.2 Compton Backscatter
8.2.1.3 X-Ray Refractometry
8.2.2 Spectral Range of Visible Light
8.2.2.1 Measuring Thickness of Transparent Components
8.2.2.2 Photoelastic Imaging of Transparent Components
8.2.2.3 Confocal Laser Scan Microscopes
8.2.2.4 Line Projection for Detecting Contour
8.2.2.5 Interferometric Methods
8.2.3 Thermography
8.2.4 Microwaves
8.2.5 Dielectric Spectroscopy
8.2.6 Eddy Current
8.3 Non-Destructive Testing with Elastic Waves
8.3.1 Elastic Waves under Linear Material Behavior
8.3.1.1 Ultrasound
8.3.1.2 Mechanical Vibrometry
8.3.2 Elastic Waves with Non-Linear Material Behavior
8.3.2.1 Fundamentals on Elastic Waves in Non-Linear Materials
8.3.2.2 Non-Linear Air-Ultrasound
8.3.2.3 Non-Linear Vibrometry
8.4 Non-Destructive Testing by Dynamic Heat Transport
8.4.1 External Excitation
8.4.1.1 Heat-Flux Thermography by Non-Periodical Heat Transport
8.4.1.2 Thermography with Periodical Heat Transport
8.4.2 Internal Excitation
8.4.2.1 Thermography with Excitation by Elastic Waves
8.4.2.2 Thermography with Other Types of Internal Excitation
8.5 Outlook
9 Hybrid Methods of Polymer Diagnostics
9.1 Objectives
9.2 Tensile Test, Acoustic Emission Test and Video Thermography
9.3 Tensile Test and Laser Extensometry
9.4 Fracture Mechanics and Non-Destructive Testing
10 Testing of Composite Materials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Theoretical Background
10.2.1 Anisotropy
10.2.2 Elastic Properties of Laminates
10.2.3 Influence from Moisture and Temperature
10.2.4 Laminate Theory and St. Venant's Principle
10.2.5 Applying Fracture Mechanical Concepts to Fiber Composites
10.3 Specimen Preparation
10.3.1 Manufacture of Laminates
10.3.2 Preparing Specimens for Unidirectional Loading
10.4 Determining Fiber Volume Content
10.5 Mechanical Test Methods
10.5.1 Tensile Tests
10.5.2 Compression Tests
10.5.3 Flexural Tests
10.5.4 Interlaminar Shear Strength
10.5.5 Shear Tests
10.5.5.1 ± 45° Off-Axis Tensile Test
10.5.5.2 10° Off-Axis Tensile Test
10.5.5.3 Two- and Three-Rail Shear Test
10.5.5.4 Iosipescu Shear Test
10.5.5.5 Plate-Twist Shear Test
10.5.5.6 Torsional Loading on Thin-Walled Tubes
10.6 Fracture Mechanical Test Methods
10.6.1 Experimental Tests on Fiber Composite Materials
10.6.2 Special Specimen Configuration
10.6.2.1 Specimens for Mode I Loading
10.6.2.2 Specimen for Mode II Loading
10.6.2.3 Mixed-Mode Specimens
10.6.3 Fracture Mechanical Values of Fiber Composite Materials
10.7 Dedicated Test Methods
10.7.1 Edge Delamination Test (EDT)
10.7.2 Boeing Open-Hole Compression Test
10.8 Peel Strength of Flexible Laminates
10.9 Impact Loading and Damage Tolerance
10.10 Compilation of Standards and Guidelines
11 Technological Testing Methods
11.1 Heat Distortion Resistance
11.1.1 Fundamentals and Definitions
11.1.2 Determining Heat Distortion Resistance Temperature HDT and Vicat Softening Temperature
11.1.3 Practical Examples for the Informational Value of the Vicat and HDT Test
11.2 Fire Behavior
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Stages of a Fire and Fire-Determining Parameters
11.2.3 Fire Tests
11.2.3.1 Smoldering Fire
11.2.3.2 Ignitability
11.2.3.3 Flame Spread
11.2.3.4 Heat Release
11.2.3.5 Fire Resistance
11.2.3.6 Ease of Extinction
11.2.4 Utilization of Cone Calorimeter to Characterize Fire Behavior
11.3 Component Testing
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.2 Basic Testing Methods
11.3.2.1 General Remarks
11.3.2.2 Testing Visible Features
11.3.2.3 Testing Materials Properties
11.3.2.4 Testing Serviceability
11.3.3 Testing Plastic Piping
11.3.3.1 Quality Assurance for Plastic Piping
11.3.3.2 Testing Hydrostatic Rupture Strength for Plastic Pipes
11.3.4 Testing Plastics Components for Application in Vehicle Design
11.3.4.1 Test Requirements
11.3.4.2 Mechanical Tests
11.3.4.3 Permeation and Emission Tests
11.3.5 Testing Plastics Components for Application in Building Construction
11.3.5.1 Introduction
11.3.5.2 Testing Sandwich Panels
11.3.5.3 Testing Plastic Casing Pipes
11.4 Implant Testing
11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Push-out Tests for Implants
11.4.3 Testing the Application Behavior of Pharyngotracheal Voice Prostheses
11.4.4 Determining the Mechanical Properties of Human Cartilage
11.5 Compilation of Standards
12 Testing of Polymeric Films
12.1 Basics
12.2 Determination of Mechanical Properties of Films
12.2.1 Tensile Test
12.2.2 Tear Test
12.2.3 Impact Behavior
12.2.3.1 Tensile-Impact Test
12.2.3.2 Dynamic Tear Testing
12.2.3.3 Puncture Tests
12.3 Characterization of Separation Behavior
12.3.1 Peel Tests
12.3.2 Cling Test
12.4 Fracture Mechanics Characterization
12.5 Characterization of Film Surfaces
12.6 Compilation of Standards and Guidelines
13 Testing of Microcomponents
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microspecimen Testing
13.2.1 Micro-Tensile Tests
13.2.2 Fracture Mechanics Investigations Using Mini Compact Tension (CT) Specimens
13.3 Nanoindentation Testing
13.4 Testing Methods on Their Way to the Nanoworld
13.4.1 Non-Contacting Displacement Field Analysis Using Digital Image Correlation (Gray-Value Correlation Analysis)
13.4.2 In-Situ Deformation Measurement with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
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