Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter One How the Ocean-Atmosphere System Is Driven 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Amount of Energy Received by the Earth 1.3 Radiative Equilibrium Models 1.4 The Greenhouse Effect 1.5 Effects of Convection 1.6 Effects of Horizontal Gradients 1.7 Variability in Radiative Driving of the EarthChapter Two Transfer of Properties between Atmosphere and Ocean 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Contrasts in Properties of Ocean and Atmosphere 2.3 Momentum Transfer between Air and Sea, and the Atmosphere's Angular Momentum Balance 2.4 Dependence of Exchange Rates on Air-Sea Velocity, Temperature, and Humidity Differences 2.5 The Hydrological Cycle 2.6 The Heat Balance of the Ocean 2.7 Surface Density Changes and the ThermohaHne Circulation of the OceanChapter Three Properties of a Fluid at Rest 3.1 The Equation of State 3.2 Thermodynamic Variables 3.3 Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ocean and Atmosphere 3.4 Phase Changes 3.5 Balance of Forces in a Fluid at Rest 3.6 Static Stability 3.7 Quantities Associated with Stability 3.8 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere 3.9 Graphical Representation of Vertical SoundingsChapter Four Equations Satisfied by a Moving Fluid 4.1 Properties of a Material Element 4.2 Mass Conservation Equation 4.3 Balance for a Scalar Quantity like Salinity 4.4 The Internal Energy (or Heat) Equation 4.5 The Equation of Motion 4.6 Mechanical Energy Equation 4.7 Total Energy Equation 4.8 Bernoulli's Equation 4.9 Systematic Effects of Diffusion 4.10 Summary List of the Governing Equations 4.11 Boundary Conditions 4.12 A Coordinate System for Planetary Scale MotionsChapter Five Adjustment under Gravity in a Nonrotating System 5.1 Introduction : Adjustment to Equilibrium 5.2 Perturbations from the Rest State for a Homogenous Inviscid Fluid 5.3 Surface Gravity Waves 5.4 Dispersion 5.5 Short-Wave and Long-Wave Approximations 5.6 Shallow-Water Equations Derived Using the Hydrostatic Approximation 5.7 Energetics of Shallow-Water Motion 5.8 Seiches and Tides in Channels and GulfsChapter Six Adjustment under Gravity of a Density-Stratified Fluid 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Case of Two Superposed Fluids of Different Density 6.3 The Baroclinic Mode and the Rigid Lid Approximation 6.4 Adjustments within a Continuously Stratified Incompressible Fluid 6.5 Internal Gravity Waves 6.6 Dispersion Effects 6.7 Energetics of Internal Waves 6.8 Internal Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary 6.9 Effects on Boundary-Generated Waves of Variations of Buoyancy Frequency with Height 6.10 Free Waves in the Presence of Boundaries 6.11 Waves of Large Horizontal Scale: Normal Modes 6.12 An Example of Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Fluid 6.13 Resolution into Normal Modes for the Ocean 6.14 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Compressible Fluid 6.15 Examples of Adjustment in a Compressible Atmosphere 6.16 Weak Dispersion of a Pulse 6.17 Isobaric Coordinates 6.18 The Vertically Integrated Perturbation Energy Equation in Isobaric CoordinatesChapter Seven Effects of Rotation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Rossby Adjustment Problem 7.3 The Transients 7.4 Applicability to the Rotating Earth 7.5 The Rossby Radius of Deformation 7.6 The Geostrophic Balance 7.7 Relative Geostrophic Currents: The Thermal Wind 7.8 Available Potential Energy 7.9 Circulation and Vorticity 7.10 Conservation of Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer 7.11 Circulation in a Stratified Fluid and Ertel's Potential Vorticity 7.12 Perturbation Forms of the Vorticity Equations in a Uniformly Rotating Fluid 7.13 Initialization of Fields for Numerical Prediction SchemesChapter Eight Gravity Waves in a Rotating Fluid 8.1 Introduction 8.