Reinforcement

List of ContributorsPrefaceChapter 1-Induction and the Provenance of Operants I. Proem II. Induction by Reinforcement: Shaping III. Induction by Deprivation IV. Induction by Reflex Elicitation V. Induction by Releasing Stimuli VI. Emotional Induction VII. General Discussion VIII. Summary ReferencesChapter 2-Constraints on the Operant Conditioning of Drinking I. Introduction II. The Operant Conditioning of Drinking and Bar Pressing in the Rat III. Specification of Properties of the Response: System Constraints IV. Neural Correlates of Drinking and Bar Pressing V. Summary ReferencesChapter 3-The Effect on Extinction of the Preference Relations Between the Instrumental and Contingent Events I. Introduction II. Experiment I: Reinforcement of Drinking by Self-Forced Running III. Stimulus Generalization as an Alternative Explanation IV. Experiment II: Reinforcement of Running by Drinking V. Summary ReferencesChapter 4-Development and Maintenance of Responding under Schedules of Electric-Shock Presentation I. Introductory Comments II. Punishment III. Experiments Demonstrating the Maintenance of Responding under Fixed-Interval Schedules of Response-Produced Electric Shocks IV. Further Experiments Demonstrating the Maintenance of Responding under Schedules of Response-Produced Electric Shocks V. Behavior Maintained by Response-Independent Shock Presentation VI. Two-Process Learning Theory: Experiments Analyzing Instrumental Avoidance Behavior by Pavlovian Conditioning Procedures VII. Summary ReferencesChapter 5-Motivational Properties of Conditioned Anxiety I. Introduction II. Explanatory Mechanisms for the CER III. Toward an Experimental Analysis IV. Experimental Analysis V. Deploying the Drive-Decrement Hypothesis ReferencesChapter 6-The Measurement of Rate-Dependent Changes in Responding I. Introduction II. Assumptions Behind Relative Rate Measures III. Tests of the Independent Choices Model IV. Choice in Concurrent Schedules V. Conditioned Suppression VI. Generalization Gradients VII. Conclusions ReferencesChapter 7-Behavioral Control by Intermittent Stimulation I. Introduction II. Experimental Procedures ReferencesChapter 8-Reinforcement Schedules: Contingency or Contiguity? I. Introduction II. Contingency without Contiguity III. Classical-Instrumental Interactions IV. An information-Transmission Theory of Contingency V. The Nature of Classical Conditioning VI. Information and Reinforcement VII. Conclusions Appendix 1. Calculating Information Transmission Appendix 2. Avoidance: Learned Helplessness and Facilitation Appendix 3. Simultaneous Pavlovian and Instrumental Training Appendix 4. S-Only as an Informative Signal ReferencesChapter 9-Temporal Control and the Theory of Reinforcement Schedules I. Temporal and Situational Control II. The Relative Proximity Principle III. The Establishment of Temporal Control IV. Transfer Properties of Temporal Control V. Difficulties of the Approach VI. Summary ReferencesChapter 10-Variation and Selection of Behavior I. Variation and Selection as Essential Requirements of Adaptive Mechanistic Systems II. Ontogeny Resembles Phytogeny III. The Relative Status of Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Selection IV. Preference Relations in the Analysis of Behavior V. The Selection of Stimuli VI. Behavioral Variation VII. The Behavior Stream ReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index