
Immigration and Asylum
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Content
- Cover
- Contents
- Contributors
- Alphabetical List of Entries
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Documents: Contents
- A
- Afghanistan and Refugees
- Soviet Occupation and Mujahideen Resistance
- The Taliban
- Afghan Refugees No Longer Welcomed
- Post-September 11, 2001
- Unprecedented Repatriation
- A Hopeful but Uncertain Outlook
- References and further reading:
- African Union
- References and further reading:
- AIDS and Migration
- Migration and the Transmission of AIDS
- The Vulnerability of Migrants to AIDS
- AIDS as a Cause of Migration
- References and further reading:
- Apartheid
- Armenia
- Armenian Diaspora
- The Armenian People
- Origins of the Present Diaspora
- Ancient Roots
- The Ottoman Experience
- Genocide and Dispersion
- Post-Genocide
- Post-World War II
- The Armenian Community in North America
- Contemporary Social and Institutional Life in the Diaspora
- Family
- Institutions
- Security versus Assimilation
- Conclusions
- References and further reading:
- Assimilation/Integration
- References and further reading:
- Asylum
- The Idea of Asylum
- Asylum in International Law
- Asylum in Practice
- Asylum since 1945
- Unregulated Regionalism: 1945-1965
- Incipient Globalism: 1965-1979
- Engineered Regionalism: 1980 to the Present
- Asylum's Future
- References and further reading:
- Asylum Determination
- The Initial Asylum Determination
- Credibility
- Appeals
- Professionalization of the Decision Makers
- Human Rights Documentation Centers
- Women and Children Asylum Seekers
- Lack of Representation
- Legal Information Programs
- Deterring Abuse
- Time Limits on Applications
- Cost
- References and further reading:
- Aussiedler
- Australia
- Recent Immigration Patterns
- Migration Flows
- Entry Categories
- Immigration and Population
- Institutional and Legal Frameworks
- Institutional Structures
- Legal Structures
- Settlement Policy: From Assimilation to Multiculturalism
- Immigration and Racism in Australia
- Conclusion
- References and further reading:
- B
- Bangladesh and India
- Bangladesh
- India
- The Need for Refugee Law
- References and further reading:
- Basic Law (Germany)
- References and further reading:
- Berlin Wall
- References and further reading:
- Boat People
- Border Controls
- References and further reading:
- Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Bosnia-Herzegovina and Refugees
- Background
- Ethnic Cleansing and Displacement
- "Safe Areas"
- Temporary Protection
- Return
- The Legacy of Bosnia
- References and further reading:
- Brazil
- References and further reading:
- Britain
- Burden Sharing
- References and further reading:
- Burundi and Refugees
- "Tribal Warfare" in Burundi-A Western Construct?
- From the "Rwandan Revolution" to the Coup of 1965
- 1972: "Selective Genocide" and Diaspora
- 1988: The World Pays Attention
- 1993: Reaping the Whirlwind-Assassination and Its Aftermath
- Since 1994: An Ongoing Refugee Crisis
- References and further reading:
- C
- Canada
- Managerial Issues
- Managing Numbers and Demographics
- Managing Economic Immigration
- Managing "Noneconomic" Immigration and Overall Program Costs
- Politics of Immigration
- Public Opinion
- Political Discourse among Leaders and Parties
- Economic Impact
- Social Impact: Language, Multiculturalism, and Race
- Immigrants and French-English Relations in Canada
- Canadian Multiculturalism
- "Visible Minorities" and Race
- Emerging Issues
- References and further reading:
- Carrier Sanctions
- References and further reading:
- Cartagena Declaration
- Historical Context
- Significance and Limitations
- References and further reading:
- Central American Refugees
- The Context and Causes of Displacement
- The Refugees
- Return
- CIREFCA
- References and further reading:
- Chavez, Cesar E.
- References and further reading:
- Chinese Diaspora
- History of the Chinese Diaspora in the United States
- Globalization and Americanization
- Community and Social Organizations
- Contribution of Chinese Americans to U.S. Society
- Chinese Culture Retention
- Conclusion
- References and further reading:
- Citizenship
- Citizenship as Closure
- Postnational Membership
- Multicultural Citizenship
- References and further reading:
- Civil Wars and Migration
- References and further reading:
- Clandestine Migration
- References and further reading:
- Class
- Class before Migration: The Class Specificity of Emigration
- Class after Migration: The Social Mobility of Immigrant Minorities
- Class Structures and Countries of Emigration
- Class Structures and Countries of Immigration
- Social Class "Escalator Regions"
- References and further reading:
- Cold War
- References and further reading:
- Colombian Diaspora
- La Violencia
- Internal Displacement
- Beyond Colombia's Borders
- References and further reading:
- Colonial Immigration
- References and further reading:
- Commonwealth Citizenship and Immigration (UK)
- References and further reading:
- Commonwealth of Independent States Conference
- References and further reading:
- Comprehensive Plan of Action
- References and further reading:
- Contract Labor
- Courts, International
- Crime and Migration
- Legal versus Illegal Immigration
- Lack of Reliable Data
- Organized Human Trafficking
- Policy Options
- EU Policies
- Conclusion
- References and further reading:
- Croatia
- Cuban Migration
- The United States as a Haven for Cuban Political Exiles
- Castro, the United States, and Migration
- Cuban Migration after Mariel
- The Summer of 1994: Another Wave of Uncontrolled Cuban Immigration
- Cuban Migration Today
- References and further reading:
- Czechoslovakian Refugees
- References and further reading:
- D
- Defectors
- Democratic Republic of Congo
- Deportation
- Deportation in Historical Context
- Deportation in the Contemporary Context
- The Future of Deportation
- References and further reading:
- Development-Induced Displacement
- References and further reading:
- Diaspora
- Types of Diaspora
- Three "New" Diasporas
- Afghans
- Sri Lankans
- Somalis
- The Making and Unmaking of Diasporas
- Diasporas for Good and Ill
- The Future of Diaspora
- References and further reading:
- Displaced Persons
- References and further reading:
- Displaced Persons Act (1948), U.S.
- References and further reading:
- Dominican Republic Diaspora
- References and further reading:
- Dual Nationality
- Sources of Dual Nationality
- Acquisition of Nationality at Birth
- Acquisition of Nationality through Naturalization
- Conflicts over Dual Nationality
- Evolution toward Greater Acceptance of Dual Nationality
- The Ongoing Controversy
- References and further reading:
- Dublin Convention
- References and further reading:
- E
- East African Asian Expulsions
- Kenya
- Uganda
- East Africa Asians in Britain Today
- References and further reading:
- East-West Migration
- Economic Determinants of International Migration
- The Geoeconomics of Migration
- Economic Push Factors
- Economic Linkages
- Recruitment and Ethnic Networks
- The Organized Export of Workers
- Government-Organized Exports
- Trafficking in Women
- References and further reading:
- Economic Effects of Migration
- Equalization of Wages
- Impact on the Country of Origin and Destination Country Economies
- Immigrant Adjustment
- References and further reading:
- Ellis Island
- References and further reading:
- Emigration
- Employer Sanctions
- Types of Employer Sanctions
- Administrative Sanctions for Insufficient Exercise of Verification Obligations
- Administrative or Criminal Sanctions for Illegal Employment
- Other Liabilities and Procedural Sanctions
- Current Trends
- References and further reading:
- England
- Environmental Refugees
- A "Myth" Extended: Desertification-Induced Displacement?
- Refugees from Rising Seas?
- Environmental Conflict and Refugee Movements
- Environmental Explanations of Migration: Whose Agenda?
- References and further reading:
- Eritrea and Refugees
- Causes of Refugee Production
- Involuntary Displacement under Ethiopian Occupation
- Involuntary Displacement in the Postindependence Period
- References and further reading:
- Ethnic Cleansing
- History of Ethnic Cleansing
- Struggle for the Ottoman Succession
- World War II and Aftermath
- Africa and Asia
- Yugoslavia
- References and further reading:
- Ethnic Cleansing: Armenia
- References and further reading:
- Ethnic Cleansing: Bosnia-Herzegovina
- References and further reading:
- Ethnic Cleansing: Croatia
- References and further reading:
- Ethnic Cleansing: Germans from Central and Eastern Europe
- The Historical Context of the Expulsions
- The Expulsions before 1945
- Poland and Czechoslovakia
- Potsdam
- The Expellees in Postwar Germany
- References and further reading:
- Ethnic Cleansing: Kosovo
- References and further reading:
- Ethnic Cleansing: Poles from Western Ukraine
- References and further reading:
- Ethnic Germans
- Aussiedler Immigration during the Cold War
- From Aussiedler to Spätaussiedler Status
- References and further reading:
- Eugenics
- References and further reading:
- European Citizenship
- Eligibility for European Citizenship
- Voting
- Consular Protection
- Other Rights
- References and further reading:
- European Court of Human Rights
- References and further reading:
- European Court of Justice
- References and further reading:
- European Union
- References and further reading:
- European Union Accession Countries
- Free Movement
- Visa Policies
- Admission
- Border Management
- Asylum
- References and further reading:
- Exile
- Expedited Removal Procedures, U.S.
- The Regular Admission Procedure
- The Adoption of Expedited Removal
- Actual Experience with Expedited Removal
- The Present Status of Expedited Removal
- References and further reading:
- Expulsions
- Extreme Right Parties
- F
- Family Reunification
- References and further reading:
- Famine
- Far-Right Parties
- Origins and Shared Characteristics
- The Proliferation of Far-Right Parties
- American Exceptionalism
- Classifying Far-Right Parties
- Generic Groups
- Neo-Fascist Groups
- Opportunistic Right
- New Radical Right
- Ethnonational Right
- The Significance of Far-Right Parties
- The Role of Mainstream Political Parties
- References and further reading:
- Filipino Diaspora
- Migration Patterns and Trends
- Early Beginnings to the 1950s
- The 1960s
- The 1970s and Early 1980s
- The Mid-1980s to the 1990s
- The Importance of Foreign Remittances
- Motivations for Labor Migration
- Consequences of Labor Migration
- Economic Gains
- Social Costs
- Migration Policy
- References and further reading:
- Forced Migration
- Foreign Students
- References and further reading:
- France
- Regions of Origin
- Immigration Controls and the Myth of Assimilation
- Nationality, Citizenship, and Ethnicity
- Assimilation, Integration, and Insertion
- References and further reading:
- France d'Outre-Mer
- References and further reading:
- G
- Gender and Migration
- Gender Distribution of Migrants
- Family-Based Migration
- Forced Migrants
- Labor Migrants
- Rights of Migrant Women
- Impact of Migration on Gender Relations
- Policy Impacts
- References and further reading:
- Geneva Convention
- Genocide
- The Impact of World War I and the League of Nations
- The 1930s and the Evian Conference
- World War II and Genocide
- Post-1945: The Geneva Convention and UNHCR
- Rwanda
- References and further reading:
- German Constitution
- German Expulsions
- Germany
- Sources of Immigration
- German War Refugees and East German Citizens
- Labor Migration
- Dependent Migration
- Asylum Seekers
- Ethnic Germans
- Other Migration
- Policy Responses
- Immigration Policy
- Asylum Policy
- Ethnic German Policy
- Residence Policy
- Citizenship and Naturalization
- New Policy Challenges
- An Active Immigration Policy
- Integration Policy
- Europeanization
- References and further reading:
- Globalization
- Great Britain
- Greek Diaspora
- References and further reading:
- Guantanamo Bay
- References and further reading:
- Guestworkers, Europe
- References and further reading:
- Guestworkers, Middle East
- Gypsies
- H
- Haiti and Refugees
- Historical and Political Background
- Haitian Emigration
- U.S. Responses to Haitian Boat People
- Integration into U.S. Society
- References and further reading:
- Harmonization
- Human Rights
- Humanitarian Intervention
- Refugee Issues in Interventions
- Is It a Category?
- East Pakistan, 1971
- Grenada, 1983
- Northern Iraq, 1991
- Somalia, 1992
- Rwanda, 1994
- Haiti, 1994
- Kosovo, 1999
- Albania, 1997/East Timor, 1999
- Questions of UN Authorization and Host-State Consent
- Is There a "Right" of Humanitarian Intervention?
- References and further reading:
- Hungarian Revolution
- References and further reading:
- I
- Illegal Immigration
- Indentured Migration
- Indian Diaspora
- Indian Culture and Migration
- Migration in Colonial Times
- Migration in Postcolonial Times
- The Indian Diaspora Today
- Culture in the Indian Diaspora
- Economy in the Indian Diaspora
- Redefining the Relationship between the Diaspora and India
- References and further reading:
- Indian Partition
- Partition of the Indian Subcontinent
- Classification of Partition Refugees
- Infrastructure of Relief and Rehabilitation in the West
- Transport by Train
- Motorized Transport
- Foot Convoys
- Relief and Rehabilitation in Western India
- Relief and Rehabilitation in West Pakistan
- Infrastructure of Relief and Rehabilitation in the East
- Relief and Rehabilitation in Eastern India
- Relief and Rehabilitation in East Pakistan
- Legislative Structure
- References and further reading:
- Integration
- Internally Displaced Persons
- Counting IDPs
- "Internalizing Refugees"
- Appointment of a Representative
- Further Institutional Changes
- UNHCR
- References and further reading:
- International Labour Organization
- References and further reading:
- International Refugee Organization
- References and further reading:
- Iran and Refugees
- Refugees from Iraq
- Refugees from Afghanistan
- Iranian Refugee Policies
- Changing Attitudes toward Refugees
- Refugee Assistance
- Refugee Women and Children
- Education
- Afghan Legal Committees
- Iran and Its Refugees in the Twenty-First Century
- References and further reading:
- Iraqi Diaspora
- References and further reading:
- Irish Diaspora
- Historical Patterns
- Geographical Patterns
- Connections with Ireland
- Ongoing Differentiation of the Irish
- The Contemporary Irish Diaspora
- References and further reading:
- Irregular Migration
- Israel
- References and further reading:
- Italian Migration Worldwide
- Italy's Migrants in an Industrial Era of Globalization
- Fascism, War, and Transitions in International Migration
- Guestworkers and Europe's Economic Miracle
- Italy Imports Labor, 1970-2000
- References and further reading:
- Italy
- References and further reading:
- Ius Sanguinis
- Historical Development
- Ius Sanguinis and the Sense of Nationhood
- Cultural and Historical Preconditions for Ius Sanguinis
- Ius Sanguinis, Migration, and Naturalization
- Ius Sanguinis: Two Case Studies
- Ius Sanguinis, Citizenship, and New State Formations
- Impact of Ius Sanguinis on Integration
- References and further reading:
- Ius Soli
- References and further reading:
- J
- Japan
- Causes of Recent Immigration
- Side-Door Mechanisms: Importing Foreign Labor
- The Backdoor: Unauthorized Immigration
- Social Consequences of Immigration
- References and further reading:
- Japan: The New Immigration Model
- Japanese Emigration
- "Oldcomer" Immigrants in Japan
- "Newcomer" Immigrants in Japan
- The "New Immigration Model"
- References and further reading:
- Jewish Diaspora
- Religious Diversity
- Jewish Migrations
- The Future
- References and further reading:
- Jewish Immigration (UK)
- Geographic Dispersal
- Demographic Profile
- Religious Structure
- Social Stratification and Economic Activity
- Anti-Semitism
- References and further reading:
- K
- Korean Diaspora
- References and further reading:
- Kosovo
- Kurdish Refugees
- Historical Origins of the Kurdish People
- Kurds and the Ottoman Empire
- Kurds in Turkey
- Kurds in Iraq
- Kurdish Migration to Western Europe
- References and further reading:
- L
- Labor Migration
- Lausanne Convention
- Provisions of the Agreement
- Historical Context
- Effects of the Convention
- Assessments of the Convention
- References and further reading:
- Law of Return
- References and further reading:
- League of Nations
- The Covenant and Main Bodies
- Membership
- Activities
- Collective Security
- The Minority Protection System (MPS)
- The High Commissioner for Refugees
- References and further reading:
- Lottery Program (U.S.)
- References and further reading:
- M
- Maghreb
- Historical Overview
- Morocco
- Algeria
- Tunisia
- Reasons for Migration
- Asylum
- Regulation
- References and further reading:
- Mariel Boatlift
- References and further reading:
- Mass Influx
- Mass Influx and Non-Refoulement
- Mass Influxes and Refugee Status Determination
- Treatment Accorded Refugees
- Mass Influx and Durable Solutions
- Mass Influx and Temporary Protection
- Mass Influx and Burden Sharing
- References and further reading:
- Mexican Immigration
- Evolution of Mexico-U.S. Migration
- From IRCA to NAFTA
- Developments since 2000
- Future Scenarios
- References and further reading:
- Middle East Guestworkers
- First Labor Migration Phase, 1930-1975
- Second Labor Migration Phase, 1975-1985
- Third Labor Migration Phase, 1985-1995
- Fourth Labor Migration Phase, 1995-Present
- Conditions and Treatment of Guestworkers
- Foreign Female Domestic Workers
- References and further reading:
- Migrant Rights
- Refugees
- Asylum Seekers
- Migrant Workers
- Irregular Migrants
- References and further reading:
- Migration, Economic Effects of
- Migration between Northern and Southern Countries
- Europe's Labor Market: The Demand for Workers
- Government Responses
- Emigration and Developing Countries
- Remedies
- References and further reading:
- Migration Policy
- Categorization of Policies
- External Migration Policies
- Admissions Policies
- Admission Numbers
- Immigrant Policies
- Control Policies
- Trends in International Migration Policies
- Migration Policy Analysis
- References and further reading:
- Miscegenation
- Racism and Miscegenation
- Gender, Migration, and Miscegenation
- References and further reading:
- Multiculturalism
- References and further reading:
- Muslim Immigration
- Islamic Concepts of Migration
- Muslims as National Groups
- Muslim Migration to the West
- References and further reading:
- N
- NAFTA
- Nansen and Nansen Passport
- The Nansen Passport System
- Refugee Repatriation
- Refugee Resettlement
- References and further reading:
- Nativism, U.S.
- Naturalization
- Historical Roots
- Contemporary Practice and Trends
- Emerging International Norms and Challenges
- References and further reading:
- 1951 Convention
- Nazism
- Nonconvention Status (1951 UN Convention)
- By-Product of Restrictionism in Industrialized States
- The Search for a Basis in International Law
- Entitlements: Diverging National Practices
- Statistical Relevance
- The Expansion of Refugee Protection in the South
- References and further reading:
- Non-Refoulement
- Non-Refoulement and International Law
- Non-Refoulement and Mass Influx
- Nonrejection at the Frontier
- Non-Refoulement and Extraterritorial Application
- Non-Refoulement and Non-Entrée (No-Entry) Measures
- Refoulement through Restrictive Interpretation of "Refugee"
- Non-Refoulement and Illegal Entry
- Exceptions to the Non-Refoulement Principle
- References and further reading:
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- From Migration to Trade
- NAFTA's Effects on Trade and Jobs
- NAFTA's Migration Hump
- Policy Lessons
- References and further reading:
- O
- Open Borders
- References and further reading:
- Organization of African Unity
- P
- Pakistan and Refugees
- Indian Partition
- The Kashmir Conflict
- The Bangladeshi Conflict
- The Biharis
- Afghanistan
- References and further reading:
- Palestinian Refugees
- Who Are the Palestinians?
- The End of Empires
- The Emergence of European Zionism
- The 1936-1939 Palestinian Rebellion
- The UN Partition Plan of 1947
- The Declaration of the State of Israel, 1948
- The Palestinian Diaspora
- Radical Changes and Uprisings
- References and further reading:
- Partition
- Passports
- International Passports
- Departure
- Entry
- Return
- Internal Passports
- Identity Cards
- References and further reading:
- Pawns of Yalta
- Permanent Migration
- Permanent Residence
- Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 1996 (U.S.)
- General Provisions
- Immigrant Provisions
- Effects on Immigrants
- References and further reading:
- Points System
- Polish Diaspora
- The Beginning of Polish Diaspora
- Poles in the United States
- Post-World War II Migration
- Post-1989 Migration
- References and further reading:
- Populism
- References and further reading:
- Postnationalism
- References and further reading:
- Prague Spring
- Primary, Secondary Immigration
- Public Health
- References and further reading:
- Public Opinion and Immigration
- References and further reading:
- Push-Pull Factors
- References and further reading:
- R
- Racism and Racially Motivated Attacks
- History and Varieties of Racism
- Causes of Racism and Racially Motivated Attacks
- Measuring Racially Motivated Attacks
- Official Responses in the United States
- Official Responses in Europe
- International Responses
- References and further reading:
- Readmission Agreements
- Legal Base in International Law
- Readmission of Citizens
- Readmission of Noncitizens
- Technical Aspects
- References and further reading:
- Refugee Camps
- References and further reading:
- Refugee Convention
- Refugee Warriors
- References and further reading:
- Refugee Women
- Refugees
- References and further reading:
- Regularization
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- France
- United States
- References and further reading:
- Remittances
- Definitions and Trends
- Transactions Costs
- Economic Effects
- References and further reading:
- Repatriation
- Working in Countries of Origin
- New Approaches and Growing Responsibilities
- Linking Repatriation to Peace-Building Programs
- Protection of Returnees
- Linking Repatriation to Economic Revitalization
- Repatriation, Reintegration, and UNHCR's Core Mandate
- References and further reading:
- Resettlement
- References and further reading:
- Return Migration
- Situating Return Migration
- Reasons for Return
- The Potential Difficulties of Return
- References and further reading:
- Roma
- Traveling Groups in Western Europe
- Ottoman and Hapsburg Rule
- The International Romani Union
- Beyond the Diaspora
- References and further reading:
- Russian Diaspora
- The Old Russian Diaspora
- Russian Communities in Europe
- Russian Communities in America
- The New Russian Diaspora
- The European Parts of the Former Soviet Union
- The Asian Parts of the Former Soviet Union
- Russia's Role
- References and further reading:
- Russian Repatriation
- Russian Revolution
- Revolution and De-Urbanization
- Civil War and Economic Recovery
- Revolution and State Formation
- Refugees and Repatriation
- Armenian Refugees
- Emigration from Soviet Russia
- The International Refugee Regime
- References and further reading:
- Rwanda and Refugees
- Antecedents of the Genocide
- Groups Involved in the Genocide
- Motives and Explanations
- Responses of the International Community
- Critical Challenges
- Scope for Theoretical Progress
- Conclusion
- References and further reading:
- S
- Safe Country, Safe Third Country
- References and further reading:
- Sanctuary
- References and further reading:
- Schengen Agreement
- The Abolition of Checks and Movement of Internal Persons
- Police Cooperation and SIS
- Schengen and EU Enlargement
- References and further reading:
- Security and Migration
- September 11, 2001
- Skilled Migration
- References and further reading:
- Somalia and Refugees
- References and further reading:
- South Korea
- Historical Background
- Development of Immigration Policy
- References and further reading:
- Southern Africa
- Legal Frameworks
- A History of Cross-Border Migration
- Current and Recent Migration Trends
- Skilled Migration
- Contract Migration
- Agricultural Sector
- Traders and Entrepreneurs
- Undocumented Migration
- Asylum Seekers, Refugees, and Internally Displaced People
- Internal Migration
- Women
- Remittances
- Migration, Health, and HIV
- References and further reading:
- Southern African Development Community
- SADC History
- Objectives of the SADC
- The Regional Economic Context
- Agreements on the Free Movement of Persons
- References and further reading:
- Sovereignty and Migration
- References and further reading:
- Soviet Repatriation after World War II
- References and further reading:
- Spain
- From Emigration to Immigration
- Responding to the Contradictions
- Facing Migration as a Structural Phenomenon
- References and further reading:
- Spanish Civil War
- Sri Lankan Diaspora
- Three Phases of the Diaspora
- Diasporic Practices and Connections
- Future Role of the Diaspora
- References and further reading:
- Statelessness
- References and further reading:
- Sudan and Refugees
- References and further reading:
- T
- Tammany Hall
- References and further reading:
- Temporary Protection
- References and further reading:
- Trafficking
- Concepts and Definitions
- The Scope of the Problem
- Patterns and Processes
- Causes of the Problem
- Consequences for States and Migrants
- Policy Initiatives
- References and further reading:
- Transnationalism
- References and further reading:
- Treaty of Lausanne
- Turkish Diaspora
- From Adventurers to Brain Drain
- The Forced Migration of Non-Muslim Minorities
- Mass Labor Migration
- Clandestine Migration and Ethnic Influence
- References and further reading:
- U
- Ukraine
- UN Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers, 1990
- References and further reading:
- UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951
- Drafting the Refugee Convention
- Defining the Convention Refugee
- Determining Refugee Status
- Persecution
- The Grounds for Persecution
- Non-Refoulement
- Convention Standards of Treatment
- Evaluation
- References and further reading:
- Undocumented Migration
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees
- UNHCR's Predecessors
- The Establishment of UNHCR
- UNHCR in the 1950s
- UNHCR in the 1960s
- UNHCR in the 1970s
- UNHCR in the 1980s
- UNHCR in the 1990s
- UNHCR Entering the Twenty-First Century
- References and further reading:
- UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
- References and further reading:
- UN Relief and Works Agency and Palestinian Refugees
- References and further reading:
- United Kingdom
- Immigration to Britain, 1946-1962
- European Recruitment
- New Commonwealth Immigration
- Immigration to Britain, 1962-1997
- Migration Management, 1997-2002
- References and further reading:
- U.S. Immigration
- U.S. Immigration Patterns
- U.S. Immigration History
- U.S. Immigration Policy
- Economic Impacts
- Integration in the United States
- Numbers versus Rights
- Whither U.S. Immigration?
- References and further reading:
- U.S. Immigration Legislation: Post-1945
- References and further reading:
- U.S. Immigration Legislation: Pre-1945
- From Local to National Immigration Policies
- Nationalizing Immigration Policy
- The National Origins Act Policy Regime
- References and further reading:
- U.S. Multiculturalism
- References and further reading:
- U.S. Nativism
- References and further reading:
- V
- Vietnam and Refugees
- Pre-1954
- 1954-1955
- 1956-1975
- 1975-1977
- 1977-1979
- 1979-1987
- 1989-1997
- References and further reading:
- Vietnamese Boat People
- References and further reading:
- Visas
- References and further reading:
- Visitors, Immigrants, and U.S. Border Security after September 11, 2001
- Screening Visitors
- Internal Controls
- Security Controls after the 1993 Attack
- Surveillance of Arabs and Muslims
- Border Tightening
- References and further reading:
- W
- Welfare Reform
- White Australia Policy
- References and further reading:
- Women, Globalization, and Immigration
- Localization and Globalization
- Implications for Women
- References and further reading:
- World Trade Organization
- References and further reading:
- World War I
- Mobilization
- Belgian Refugees
- Serbia
- Lithuania
- The Russian Empire
- Armenia
- The Colonial Dimension of Wartime Migration
- Migration after World War I
- References and further reading:
- World War II
- Z
- Zaire/Democratic Republic of Congo and Refugees
- Pre-1994 Displacement in Zaire
- The Immediate Aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide
- Forced Repatriation to Rwanda
- Africa's Continental War
- References and further reading:
- Zionism
- Documents
- International Agreements: Establishment of Intergovernmental Agencies
- 1943 Agreement for United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
- AGREEMENT FOR UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND REHABILITATION ADMINISTRATION, NOVEMBER 9, 1943
- ARTICLE I
- ARTICLE II
- ARTICLE III
- ARTICLE IV
- ARTICLE V
- ARTICLE VI
- ARTICLE VII
- ARTICLE VIII
- ARTICLE IX
- ARTICLE X
- 1944 Declaration Concerning the Aims and Purposes of the International Labour Organization (Declaration of Philadelphia)
- 1944 Declaration Concerning the Alms & Purposes of the ILO
- Preamble to the Constitution
- Chapter I: Organization
- Chapter II: Procedure
- Chapter III: General
- Chapter IV: Miscellaneous provisions
- 1946 Constitution of the International Refugee Organization, Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 15 December 1952 [Extracts]
- 1946 Constitution of the International Refugee Organization
- Preamble
- Part I: Refugees and Displaced Persons within the Meaning of the Resolution adopted by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations on 16 February 1946
- Part II: Persons who will not be the Concern of the Organization
- 1950 Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Adopted by General Assembly resolution 428 (V) of 14 December 1950
- STATUTE OF THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES
- CHAPTER I
- CHAPTER II
- CHAPTER III
- 1987 Constitution of the International Organization for Migration
- 1987 Constitution of the International Organization for Migration*
- Preamble
- Chapter I: PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS
- Chapter III: ORGANS
- Chapter IV: COUNCIL
- Chapter V: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
- Chapter VI: ADMINISTRATION
- Chapter VII: HEADQUARTERS
- Chapter VIII: FINANCE
- Chapter IX: LEGAL STATUS
- Article 28
- Chapter X: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
- International Agreements: Protection of Refugees and Other Displaced Persons
- 1928 Arrangement relating to the Legal Status of Russian and Armenian Refugees signed at Geneva, June 30, 1928
- Arrangement of 30 June 1928 Relating to the Legal Status of Russian and Armenian Refugees
- APPENDIX
- 1933 Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees, League of Nations
- Convention of 28 October 1933 Relating to the International Status of Refugees
- CHAPTER I.-DEFINITION
- CHAPTER II.-ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES
- CHAPTER III-JURIDICAL CONDITION
- CHAPTER IV.-LABOUR CONDITIONS.
- CHAPTER V.-INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS.
- CHAPTER VI.-WELFARE AND RELIEF.
- CHAPTER VII-EDUCATION.
- CHAPTER VIII-FISCAL REGIME.
- CHAPTER IX-EXEMPTION FROM RECIPROCITY.
- CHAPTER X-CREATION OF COMMITTEES FOR REFUGEES.
- CHAPTER XI-GENERAL PROVISIONS.
- BELGIUM
- BULGARIA
- EGYPT
- FRANCE
- NORWAY
- 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (UNHCR) Adopted on 28 July 1951 by the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons Convened under General Assembly Resolution 429 (V) of 14 December 1950
- CONVENTION RELATING TO THE STATUS OF REFUGEES
- PREAMBLE
- CHAPTER II: Juridical Status
- CHAPTER III: Gainful Employment
- CHAPTER IV: Welfare
- CHAPTER V: Administrative Measures
- CHAPTER VI: Executory and Transitory Provisions
- CHAPTER VII: Final Clauses
- 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (UNHCR)
- PROTOCOL RELATING TO THE STATUS OF REFUGEES
- States Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol
- Notes:
- Declarations under section B of Article 1 of the Convention
- Declarations other than those made under section B of article 1 and Reservations
- Objections
- Territorial Application
- Declarations and reservations made upon notifications of territorial application
- Notes
- 2002 Declaration of States Parties to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and/or Its 1967 Protocol, HCR/MMSP/2001/09, 16th January 2002
- Declaration of the Ministerial Meeting of States Parties to the 1951 Convention and/or Its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of
- Refugees, 13 December 2001, on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the 1951 UN Refugee Convention
- Preamble
- Operative Paragraphs
- International Agreements: Rights of Migrants and Nonnationals
- 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, United Nations Economic and Social Council, New York, Treaty No. 5158
- Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
- Preamble
- CHAPTER I
- CHAPTER II
- CHAPTER III
- CHAPTER IV
- CHAPTER V
- CHAPTER VI
- States Parties to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
- 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, UN Treaty No. 14458, United Nations General Assembly,
- Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 4
- Article 5
- Article 6
- Article 7
- Article 8
- Article 9
- Article 10
- Article 11
- Article 12
- Article 13
- Article 14
- Article 15
- Article 16
- Article 17
- Article 18
- Article 19
- Article 20
- Article 21
- States Parties to the 1954 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
- 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, UN General Assembly Resolution 45/158 [Extracts]
- International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, G.A. res. 45/158, annex, 45 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49A) at 262, U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (1990), entered into force 1 July 2003.
- PART I: SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
- PART II: NON-DISCRIMINATION WITH RESPECT TO RIGHTS
- PART III: HUMAN RIGHTS OF ALL MIGRANT WORKERS AND MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILIES
- PART VI: PROMOTION OF SOUND, EQUITABLE, HUMANE AND LAWFUL CONDITIONS CONNECTION WITH INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF WORKERS AND MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILIES
- International Agreements: Human Rights
- 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights [Extracts]
- Article 13
- Article 14
- 1984 United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment [Extracts]
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 12
- Article 13
- Article 14
- Article 15
- Article 16
- 2001 Declaration of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance, Durban, South Africa, August 31-September 7, 2001, United Nations [Extracts]
- World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance
- Declaration
- General issues
- Sources, causes, forms and contemporary manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance
- Victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance
- Programme of Action
- International Agreements: Smuggling and Trafficking
- 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, United Nations
- Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
- Preamble
- I. General provisions
- II. Protection of victims of trafficking in persons
- III. Prevention, cooperation and other measures
- IV. Final provisions
- 2000 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air, United Nations
- Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
- Preamble
- I. General provisions
- II. Smuggling of migrants by sea
- III. Prevention, cooperation and other measures
- IV. Final provisions
- Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly
- Resolution 4/302 on Assistance to Palestinian Refugees, 8 December 1949
- 302 (IV). Assistance to Palestine refugees
- 303 (IV). Palestine: question of an international regime for the Jerusalem area and the protection of the Holy Places
- Resolution 41/148 on Human Rights and Mass Exoduses, 4 December 1986
- Human Rights and Mass Exoduses
- Resolution 45/137: International Conference on the Plight of Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Southern Africa, 14 December 1990
- International Conference on the Plight of Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Southern Africa
- Resolution 46/107: International Conference on Central American Refugees, 16 December 1991
- International Conference on Central American Refugees
- Resolution 56/164 on Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons, 16 December 2001
- 56/164. Protection of and assistance to internally displaced persons
- Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council
- Resolution 688 (1991) on the Creation of "Safe Haven" for Kurds in Northern Iraq, 5 April 1991
- Resolution 770 (1992) on the Delivery of Humanitarian Aid and Access to Camps in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 13 August 1992
- Resolution 771 (1992): Condemning Human Rights Violations in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 13 August 1992
- Resolution 794 (1992): Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia, 3 December 1992
- Resolution 819 (1993): Srebrenica Declared "Safe Area," 16 April 1993
- Resolution 925 (1994) on Extension of the Mandate and Deployment of the Two Additional Battalions of the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda and Settlement of the Conflict in Rwanda, 8 June 1994
- Resolution 940 (1994) on Authorization to Form a Multinational Force under Unified Command, to Restore the Legitimately Elected President and Authorities of the Government of Haiti, and on Extension of the Mandate of the UN Mission in Haiti, 31 July 1994
- Resolution 941 (1994) on Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Banja Luka, Bijeljina, and Other Areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Control of Bosnian Serb Forces, 23 September 1994
- RESOLUTION 941 (1994)
- Resolution 1199 (1998) on the Situation in Kosovo (FRY), 23 September 1998
- Resolution 1203 (1998) on the Situation in Kosovo (FRY), 24 October 1998
- Resolution 1208 (1998) on the Situation in Africa, Refugee Camps, 19 November 1998
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Executive Committee (EXCOM) Conclusions on International Protection
- EXCOM 8, Determination of Refugee Status, 12 October 1977
- Determination of Refugee Status
- EXCOM 19, Temporary Refuge, 16 October1980
- Temporary Refuge
- EXCOM 22, Protection of Asylum-Seekers in Situations of Large-Scale Influx, 21 October 1981
- Protection of Asylum-Seekers in Situations of Large-Scale Influx
- EXCOM 28, Follow-up on Earlier Conclusions of the Sub-Committee of the Whole on International Protection on the Determination of Refugee Status and the Role of the UNHCR in National Refugee Status Determination Procedures, 20 October 1982
- Follow-up on Earlier Conclusions of the Sub-Committee of the Whole on International Protection on the Determination of Refugee Status, Inter Alia, with
- Reference to the Role of UNHCR in National Refugee Status Determination Procedures
- EXCOM 40, Voluntary Repatriation, 18 October 1985
- Voluntary Repatriation
- EXCOM 44, Detention of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers, 13 October 1986
- Detention of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers
- EXCOM 48, Military or Armed Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements, 12 October 1987
- Military or Armed Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements
- EXCOM 52, International Solidarity and Refugee Protection (UNHCR), 10 October 1988
- International Solidarity and Refugee Protection
- EXCOM 75, Internally Displaced Persons, 7 October 1994
- Internally Displaced Persons
- EXCOM 80, Comprehensive and Regional Approaches within a Protection Framework. 11 October 1996
- Comprehensive and Regional Approaches within a Protection Framework
- Regional Agreements: Africa
- 1963 Charter of the Organization of African Unity, Addis Ababa, 25 May 1963
- Charter of the Organization of African Unity, 479 U.N.T.S. 39, entered into force Sept. 13, 1963.
- ESTABLISHMENT
- PURPOSES
- PRINCIPLES
- MEMBERSHIP
- RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF MEMBER SIATES
- INSTITUTIONS
- THE ASSEMBLY OF HEADS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT
- THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
- GENERAL SECRETARIAT
- COMMISSION OF MEDIIATION, CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION
- SPECIALIZED COMMISSION
- THE BUDGET
- SIGNATURE AND RATIFICATION OF CHARTER
- ENTRY INTO FORCE
- REGISTRATION OF CHARTER
- INTERPRETATION OF THE CHARTER
- ADHESION AND ACCESSION
- MISCELLANEOUS
- CESSATION OF MEMBERSHIP
- AMENDMENT OF THE CHARTER
- 1969 Convention on the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa: Organization of African Unity, Addis Ababa, 10 September 1969 (UNTS/45/14691)
- Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
- PREAMBLE
- Article 1 Definition of the term "Refugee"
- Article 2 Asylum
- Article 3 Prohibition of Subversive Activities
- Article 4 Non-Discrimination
- Article 5 Voluntary Repatriation
- Article 6 Travel Documents
- Article 7 Co-operation of the National Authorities with the Organization of African Unity
- Article 8 Cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1.
- Article 9 Settlement of Disputes
- Article 10 Signature and Ratification
- Article 11 Entry into force
- Article 12 Amendment
- Article 13 Denunciation
- Article 14
- Article 15 Notifications by the Administrative Secretary-General of the Organization of African Unity
- 1994: The Addis Ababa Document on Refugees and Forced Population Displacements in Africa (Organization of African Unity/UNHCR), 8-10 September 19
- The Addis Ababa Document on Refugees and Forced Population Displacements in Africa
- CONTENTS
- PART ONE INTRODUCTION
- PART TWO RECOMMENDATIONS
- I. ROOT CAUSES OF REFUGEE FLOWS AND OTHER FORCED POPULATION DISPLACEMENTS
- II. THE 1969 OAU CONVENTION GOVERNING THE SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF REFUGEE PROBLEMS IN AFRICA
- III. REFUGEE PROTECTION IN AFRICA
- IV. MATERIAL ASSISTANCE TO REFUGEES
- 2002: Constitutive Act of the African Union
- CONSTITUTIVE ACT OF THE AFRICAN UNION
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 4
- Article 5
- Article 6
- Article 7
- Article 8
- Article 9
- Article 10
- Article 11
- Article 12
- Article 13
- Article 14
- Article 15
- Article 16
- Article 17
- Article 18
- Article 19
- Article 20
- Article 21
- Article 22
- Article 23
- Article 24
- Article 25
- Article 26
- Article 27
- Article 28
- Article 29
- Article 30
- Article 31
- Article 32
- Article 33
- Regional Agreements: The Americas
- 1969 American Convention on Human Rights ("Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica"), Organization of American States (OAS) [Extract]
- 1969 American Convention on Human Rights ("Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica")
- Article 22
- 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, 22 November 1984
- Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, Colloquium on the International Protection of
- refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama, 1984
- I
- II
- III
- IV
- 1989 International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREFCA), Guatemala City, 29-31 May 1989 [Extracts]
- International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREFCA), Guatemala City, 29-31 May 1989: Declaration and Concerted Plan of Action in Favour of Central American Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons
- I
- II
- Regional Agreements: The Arab World (North Africa and South West Asia)
- 1992 Declaration on the Protection of Refugees and Displaced Persons in the Arab World, The Group of Arab Experts, 16-19 November 1992
- Declaration on the Protection of Refugees and Displaced Persons in the Arab World
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 4
- Article 5
- Article 6
- Article 7
- Article 8
- Article 9
- Article 10
- Article 11
- 1994 Arab Charter on Human Rights, Council of the League of Arab States, Cairo
- 1994 Arab Charter on Human Rights
- Preamble
- Part One
- Part two
- Part three
- Part Four
- Regional Agreements: Asia-Pacific
- 1966 Bangkok Principles on Status and Treatment of Refugees, Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee (AALCO), Adopted 24 June 2001
- "FINAL TEXT OF THE AALCO'S 1966 BANGKOK PRINCIPLES ON STATUS AND TREATMENT OF REFUGEES" AS ADOPTED ON 24 JUNE 2001 AT THE AALCO'S 40TH SESSION, NEW DELHI
- NOTES, COMMENTS AND RESERVATIONS MADE BY THE MEMBER STATES OF AALCO
- COMMENTS AND RESERVATIONS BY THE MEMBER GOVERNMENTS
- 1989 International Conference on Indo-Chinese Refugees, Declaration and Comprehensive Plan of Action, 22 September 1989
- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees : International Conference on Indo-Chinese Refugees. Report of the Secretary-General [Annex: Declaration and Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA)]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. OBJECTIVE OF THE CONFERENCE
- III. PREPARATION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE CONFERENCE
- IV. PROCEEDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE CONFERENCE
- ANNEX Declaration and Comprehensive Plan of Action
- I. DECLARATION
- II. COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION
- Regional Agreements: Europe
- 1950 European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Council of Europe, Court of Human Rights [Extract]
- 1950 European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocol No. 11.
- Article 1
- Article 3
- Article 13
- Article 14
- Article 15
- 1986 Single European Act, European Communities
- Single European Act (*)
- 1. TEXT OF THE TREATY
- TITLE I
- TITLE II
- TITLE III
- TITLE IV
- 1990 Dublin Convention: State Responsibility for Examining Applications for Asylum Lodged in One of the Member States of the European Community, /97/C 254/01/June, European Communities [Extract]
- 1990 Dublin Convention Determining the State Responsible for Examining Applications for Asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 4
- Article 5
- Article 6
- Article 7
- Article 8
- Article 9
- Article 10
- Article 11
- Article 12
- Article 13
- Article 14
- Article 15
- Article 16
- Article 17
- Article 19
- Article 20
- Article 21
- Article 22
- 1990: The Schengen Convention: On the Gradual Abolition of Checks at the Common Borders of the Federal Republic of Germany, France, and the Benelux Countries, [Extracts]
- Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders
- TITLE I
- TITLE II
- 1992 Treaty of European Union (Maastricht), European Communities [Extracts]
- TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION
- TITLE I
- TITLE VI
- 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European Union [Extracts]
- TREATY OF AMSTERDAM AMENDING THE TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION,
- THE TREATIES ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND RELATED ACTS
- PART ONE
- B. PROTOCOLS ANNEXED TO THE TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION AND TO THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
- ANNEX
- SCHENGEN ACQUIS
- Protocol on the application of certain aspects of Article 7a of the Treaty establishing the European Community to the United Kingdom and to Ireland
- Protocol on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland
- Protocol on the position of Denmark
- Protocol on asylum for nationals of Member States of the European Union
- 44. Declaration on Article 2 of the Protocol integrating the Schengen acquis into the framework of the European Union
- 45. Declaration on Article 4 of the Protocol integrating the Schengen acquis into the framework of the European Union
- 46. Declaration on Article 5 of the Protocol integrating the Schengen acquis into the framework of the European Union
- 47. Declaration on Article 6 of the Protocol integrating the Schengen acquis into the framework of the European Union
- 48. Declaration relating to the Protocol on asylum for nationals of Member States of the European Union
- 49. Declaration relating to subparagraph (d) of the Sole Article of the Protocol on asylum for nationals of Member States of the European Union
- TITLE I
- TITLE IV (ex Title IIIa)
- 1999: Presidency Conclusions, Tampere European Council, 15-16 October 1999
- TAMPERE EUROPEAN COUNCIL
- A. A COMMON EU ASYLUM AND MIGRATION POLICY
- B. A GENUINE EUROPEAN AREA OF JUSTICE
- C. A UNIONWIDE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME
- D. STRONGER EXTERNAL ACTION
- COMPOSITION METHOD OF WORK AND PRACTICAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE BODY TO ELABORATE A DRAFT EU CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS, AS SET OUT IN THE COLOGNE CONCLUSIONS
- A. COMPOSITION OF THE BODY
- B. WORKING METHODS OF THE BODY
- C. PRACTICAL ARRANGEMENTS
- 2000: Protocol No. 12 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rome, 4 November 2000
- Protocol No. 12 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
- Article 1 - General prohibition of discrimination
- Article 2 - Territorial application
- Article 3 - Relationship to the Convention
- Article 4 - Signature and ratification
- Article 5 - Entry into force
- Article 6 - Depositary functions
- National Legislation: Australia
- 1901 Immigration Restriction Act (White Australia Policy), Commonwealth of Australia
- No. 17 of 1901
- National Legislation: Canada
- 2001 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act [Extracts]
- STATUTES OF CANADA 2001
- PART 1: IMMIGRATION TO CANADA
- PART 2: REFUGEE PROTECTION
- National Legislation: France
- 1952: Creation of a French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons
- Law No. 1952-893 of July 25, 1952, concerning the Creation of a French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 4
- Article 5
- Article 6
- Article 7
- Article 8
- Article 9
- Article 10
- Article 11
- National Legislation: Germany, Federal Republic of
- 1949 Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, as Amended 26 July 2002 (Article 16) [Extracts]
- Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
- PREAMBLE
- Article 16a [Right of asylum]
- Article 116 [Definition of "German"
- restoration of citizenship]
- National Legislation: Islamic Republic of Iran
- 1935: Civil Code of Iran, Book 2: Concerning Nationality
- Civil Code of Iran
- BOOK 2-CONCERNING NATIONALITY
- National Legislation: Israel
- 1950: The Law of Return, 5710-1950
- The Law of Return, 5710-1950
- 1. Right of "aliya"
- 2. Oleh's visa
- 3. Oleh's certificate
- 4. Residents and persons born in this country
- 4A. Rights of members of family
- 4B. Definition
- 5. Implementation and regulations
- National Legislation: Italy
- 1990: Presidential Decree of 15 May 1990, Regarding Recognition of Refugee Status
- Presidential Decree of 15 May 1990, No. 136: Regulations for Implementation of Art. 1, Para. 2 of Decree-Law 30 December 1989, No. 416, converted with Amendments, into Law 28 February 1990, No. 39, regarding Recognition of Refugee Status
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 4
- Article 5
- Article 6
- National Legislation: Japan
- 1951: Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act [Extracts]
- Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act
- CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS
- CHAPTER II ENTRY AND LANDING
- CHAPTER IV RESIDENCE AND DEPARTURE
- CHAPTER VII DEPARTURE FROM AND RETURN TO JAPAN OF JAPANESE NATIONALS
- CHAPTER VII-2 RECOGNITION OF REFUGEE STATUS, ETC.
- National Legislation: Korea, Republic of
- 1997: Protection of Defecting North Korean Residents and Support of Their Settlement Act, Ministry of Unification
- Protection of Defecting North Korean Residents and Support of Their Settlement Act
- Article 1 (Purpose)
- Article 2 (Definitions)
- Article 3 (Scope of Application)
- Article 4 (Basic Principles)
- Article 5 (Criteria for Protection, etc.)
- Article 6 (Consultative Council on Defecting North Korean Residents)
- Article 7 (Application for Protection)
- Article 8 (Decision on Protection, etc.)
- Article 9 (Criteria for a Protection Decision)
- Article 10 (Setting up of Settlement Support Facilities)
- Article 11 (Protection, etc. at Settlement Support Facilities)
- Article 12 (Personal Identification Register)
- Article 13 (Recognition of Academic Qualifications)
- Article 14 (Recognition of Other Qualifications)
- Article 15 (Social Adaptation Education)
- Article 16 (Vocational Training)
- Article 17 (Arrangements for Employment)
- Article 18 (Special Appointments)
- Article 19 (Special Cases of Acquiring of Permanent Domicile)
- Article 20 (Accommodation Support, etc.)
- Article 21 (Payment of Settlement Money, etc.)
- Article 22 (Protection of the Place of Residence)
- Article 23 (Obligation to Report)
- Article 24 (Educational Support)
- Article 25 (Medical Care)
- Article 26 (Support for Minimum Living Standards)
- Article 27 (Alteration in Protection)
- Article 28 (Obligation to Report, etc.)
- Article 29 (Bearing of Expenses)
- Article 30 (Association of Supporters for Defecting North Korean Residents)
- Article 31 (Delegation or Entrustment of Powers)
- Article 32 (Application for an Objection)
- Article 33 (Penalt Provisions)
- Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
- Article 2 (Act Repealed)
- Article 3 (Interim Measures relating to Deliberations of the Consultative Council)
- Article 4 (Interim Measures on Registration)
- Article 5 (Interim Measures on Social Adaptation Education and Vocational Training)
- Article 6 (Interim Measures on Settlement Money and Compensation)
- Article 7 (Interim Measures on Accommodation Support)
- Article 8 (Interim Measures on Educational Protection)
- Article 9 (Transfer of the Budget)
- Article 10 (Preparation for the Establishment of the Supporters' Association)
- Article 11 (Interim Measures relating to the Association of Supporters for Defecting North Korean Compatriots)
- Article 12 (Interim Measures relating to Penalty Provisions)
- Article 13 (Amendments to Other Acts)
- National Legislation: Pakistan
- 1951: Foreigners Order
- Foreigners Order, 1951
- 2. Definition.
- 3. Power to grant or refuse permission to enter Pakistan.
- 4. Landing of Seamen, etc.
- 5. Power to grant permission to depart from Pakistan.
- 6. Liability of master of vessel, etc., to remove a foreigner.
- 7. Restrictions on sojourn in Pakistan.
- 9. Protected areas.
- 10. Restrictions on employment.
- 11. Powers to impose restrictions on movements, etc.
- 12. Power to remove foreigners from cantonments.
- 13. Power to close clubs and restaurants.
- 14. Expenses of deportation.
- 15. Power to arrest and detain.
- 15A.
- 15B.
- 16. Appearance in Court by persons on parole.
- National Legislation: South Africa, Republic of
- 1998 Refugees Act
- REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICAGOVERNMENT GAZETTE
- National Legislation: Tanzania, United Republic of
- 1998 Refugees Act Repealing 1996 Refugees Control Act
- Refugees Act, 1998
- PART I
- PART II
- PART III
- PART IV
- PART V
- National Legislation: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- 1905 Aliens Act
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
- 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act
- Commonwealth immigrants act, 1962
- National Legislation: United States of America
- 1924 Immigration Act
- Immigration Act of 1924
- AN ACT
- Immigration Visas.
- Definition of "Immigrant."
- Non-Quota Immigrants.
- Quota Immigrants.
- Preferences within Quotas.
- Application for Immigration Visa.
- Non-Quota Immigration Visas.
- Issuance of Immigration Visas to Relatives
- Permit to Reenter United States after Temporary Absence.
- Numerical Limitations.
- Nationality.
- Exclusion from United States.
- Deportation.
- Maintenance of Exempt Status.
- Penalty for Illegal Transportation.
- Entry from Foreign Contiguous Territory.
- Unused Immigration Visas.
- Alien Seamen.
- Preparation of Documents.
- Offenses in Connection with Documents.
- Burden of Proof.
- Rules and Regulations.
- Act to Be in Addition to Immigration Laws.
- Steamship Fines under 1917 Act.
- General Definitions.
- Authorization of Appropriation.
- Act of May 19, 1921.
- Time of Taking Effect.
- Saving Clause in Event of Unconstitutionality.
- 1948 Displaced Persons Act
- Displaced Persons Act of 1948
- AN ACT
- 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act
- Immigration and Nationality Act: As amended by the Act of October 3, 1965
- NUMERICAL LIMITATION TO ANY SINGLE FOREIGN BTATB
- ALLOCATION OF IMMIGRANT VISAS
- 2001 USA PATRIOT ACT (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) [Extracts]
- UNITING AND STRENGTHENING AMERICA BY PROVIDING APPROPRIATE TOOLS REQUIRED TO INTERCEPT AND OBSTRUCT TERRORISM (USA PATRIOT ACT) ACT OF 2001
- TITLE IV-PROTECTING THE BORDER
- Significant Jurisprudence
- 1996 European Court of Human Rights Case of Chahal v. the United Kingdom [Extract]
- CASE OF CHAHAL v. THE UNITED KINGDOM
- 2002: Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), Supreme Court of Canada [Extract]
- Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)
- Historical Documents: Migration in the Inter-War Period (1918-1939)
- 1919-1924: Covenant of the League of Nations
- The Covenant of the League of Nations
- ARTICLE 1.
- ARTICLE 2.
- ARTICLE 3.
- ARTICLE 4.
- ARTICLE 5.
- ARTICLE 6.
- ARTICLE 7.
- ARTICLE 8.
- ARTICLE 9.
- ARTICLE 10.
- ARTICLE 11.
- ARTICLE 12.
- ARTICLE 13.
- ARTICLE 14.
- ARTICLE 15.
- ARTICLE 16.
- ARTICLE 17.
- ARTICLE 18.
- ARTICLE 19.
- ARTICLE 20.
- ARTICLE 21.
- ARTICLE 22.
- ARTICLE 23.
- ARTICLE 24.
- ARTICLE 25.
- ARTICLE 26.
- 1923 Treaty of Peace with Turkey Signed at Lausanne 1923 Treaty of Peace with Turkey Signed at Lausanne, 24 July 1923
- TREATY OF PEACE WITH TURKEY SIGNED AT LAUSANNE
- PART I.: POLITICAL CLAUSES.
- PART IV.: COMMUNICATIONS AND SANITARY QUESTIONS.
- PART V.: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.
- Historical Documents: Migration and World War II
- 1919: Polish Minorities Treaty, Versailles, 28 June 1919
- I. Text of the Polish Minorities Treaty1
- Article 1.
- Article 2.
- Article 3.
- Article 4.
- Article 5.
- Article 6.
- Article 7.
- Article 8.
- Article 9.
- Article 10.
- Article 11.
- Article 12.
- 1935 Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor (The Nuremberg Laws)
- Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor
- SECTION 1
- SECTION 2
- SECTION 3
- SECTION 4
- SECTION 5
- SECTION 6
- SECTION 7
- 1938: Evian Conference on Jewish Refugees, 14 July 1938
- Decisions Taken at the Evian Conference on Jewish Refugees, July 1938
- 1945: The Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, 17 July-2 August 1945, Protocol of the Proceedings, Orderly Transfer of German Populations
- The Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, July 17-August 2, 1945
- (a) Protocol of the Proceedings, August 1, 1945
- Index
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