
The Oxford Handbook of Gossip and Reputation
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Content
- Cover
- the oxford handbook of GOSSIP AND REPUTATION: Edited by FRANCESCA GIARDINI RAFAEL WITTEK
- Copyright
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Chapter 1: Introduction: Gossip and Reputation-A Multidisciplinary Research Program
- Introduction
- Disciplinary Foundations
- Individual Cognition and Emotion
- Strategic Interdependencies
- Evolution, Competition, and Gender
- Power and Status
- Markets, Organizations, and Networks
- The Web, Computers, and Technology
- Conclusion
- References
- Part I: DISCIPLINARY FOUNDATIONS
- Chapter 2: Gossip, Reputation, and Sustainable Cooperation: Sociological Foundations
- Introduction
- Gossip, Reputation, and Sustainable Cooperation: Four Models
- Reputation Models
- Indirect Reciprocity
- Weak Reciprocity
- Coalition Models
- Social Bonding
- Brokerage
- Social Control Models
- Social Capital
- Relational Signaling
- Punishment Models
- Prosocial Gossip
- Antisocial Gossip
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Chapter 3: Human Sociality and Psychological Foundations
- Introduction
- Early Research on Gossip and Reputation and its Limitations
- Human Sociality
- Social Vertebrates
- Language and Social Knowledge
- The Societies of Ancestral and Contemporary Humans
- The Social Life of Modern Humans Reconsidered
- Gossip, Reputation, and Social Control
- Gossiping: Risks and Motivations
- Imperfections and Limitations of Social Control
- Gossip, Reputation, and Prediction
- Gossip as Evidence of Actor Characteristics
- Rediscovering the Reality of Character and Personality
- Personality as Reputation
- Gossip Utility in Person Perception
- Benign Distortions
- Information Loss in Communication Chains
- Motivated Data Corruption
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- Notes
- References
- Chapter 4: Reputation in Moral Philosophy and Epistemology
- Introduction
- Reputation in the History of Philosophy
- Reputation as a Motivation for Action
- Altruism and Reputation
- Reputation and Esteem
- Reputation and Honor
- Reputation as a Rational Justification for Belief
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 5: Gossip, Reputation, and Language
- Introduction
- The Concepts of Reputation and Gossip
- Evolutionary Links
- Gossip, Reputation, and the Study of Language
- Reputation Management
- Language as a Reputation Signal
- Language and the Management of Relations in the Group
- Politeness
- Conversational Flow
- Reputation Repair
- Gossip Episodes
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 6: Gossip in Ethnographic Perspective
- Ethnography as a Data-Collecting and Analytic Method
- Gossip through an Ethnographic Lens
- Defining Gossip Ethnographically
- Gossip in its Social and Cultural Context
- Areas for Future Research
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Part II: INDIVIDUAL COGNITION AND EMOTION
- Chapter 7: Neuroscientific Methods
- Introduction
- Neuroscientific Methods
- A Four-Step Approach to the Neurobiology of Gossip and Reputation
- Step 1: Perception of Stimuli
- Step 2: Development of Meta-representations
- Step 3: Evaluation of Choices
- Step 4: Execution of Actions
- The Intersection between Reputation and Gossip and the Many Open Issues
- References
- Chapter 8: Gossip and Reputation in Childhood
- Introduction
- Infancy (0-2 years)
- Early Childhood (2-4 years)
- Middle Childhood (4-8 years)
- Preadolescence and Early Adolescence (8-13 years)
- Middle to Late Adolescence and Adulthood (13 to 19+ years)
- Summary of the Stage Model of Gossip and Reputation
- Conclusion and Future Directions
- References
- Chapter 9: Gossip and Emotion
- Introduction
- Emotions, Gossip, and Their Relationship
- Emotions as Antecedents of Gossip
- Emotions as Intrinsic Rewards of Gossip: Enjoyment and Interest
- Emotions as Consequences of Gossip
- Emotions of Gossip Receivers
- Emotions of Gossip Targets
- General Discussion
- Future Research Directions
- References
- Part III: STRATEGIC INTERDEPENDENCIES
- Chapter 10: Gossip as a Social Skill
- Introduction
- How Might Gossip be an Evolutionary Adaptation?
- The Multi-Dimensional Nature of Gossip-Related Social Skills
- Individual Differences in Skillfulness at Gossip and Reputation Management
- Gossip and Social Media
- Summary and Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 11: Gossip and Reputation in Social Dilemmas
- Introduction
- Reputation in Social Dilemmas
- The Prisoner's Dilemma
- The Tragedy of the Commons or Public Goods Game
- The Trust Game
- Gossip in Social Dilemmas
- The Gossiper's Dilemma
- Gossip Helps Indirect Reciprocity
- Gossip in Public Goods Games
- Gossip in Trust Games
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 12: Reputation and Gossip in Game Theory
- Introduction
- Reputation, Form 1: Influencing Others' Expectations
- Information, Signaling, and Reputation
- Behavioral Type Models: Mimicking Good Types
- Strategic Type Models: Distinguishing Yoursel ffrom Worse Types
- Reputation, Form 2: Conformity to Norms
- Imperfect Monitoring and Reputation
- Evolutionary Models
- Gossip and Reputation Games
- Theory
- Experiments
- Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Chapter 13: Agent-Based Computational Models of Reputation and Status Dynamics
- Introduction
- Agent-Based Computational Modeling
- Models of Reputation and Status Dynamics
- Reputation and Cumulative Advantage in Science
- Reputation and Status Differentiation Between Social Groups
- An Illustrative Model of the Emergence of Status Differentiation
- Model Structure
- Results of Simulation Experiments
- Discussion and Outlook
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Part IV: EVOLUTION, COMPETITION, AND GENDER
- Chapter 14: Gossip and Reputation in Small-scale Societies: A View from Evolutionary Anthropology
- Introduction
- Defining Gossip and Reputation
- A Competitive Species
- An Unusual Anthropological Case History
- Gossip's Natural History
- How Gossiping Originated
- A Universal Tool for Cultural Anthropology
- Gossip Chains
- Reputations
- Reputation and Envy
- Gossip and Witchcraft
- Personal Uses of Gossip
- When Gossip Becomes Public
- Reputations and Evolution
- Gossip in Organizations
- Media Gossip
- Gossiping and Norm Enforcement
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 15: Gossip, Reputation, and Friendship in Within-group Competition: vAn Evolutionary Perspective
- Introduction
- Three Terms for Non-Physical Aggression: Indirect, Relational, and Social Aggression
- Three Terms, One Phenomenon?
- Major Findings about Nonphysical Aggression
- The Lack of an Important Sex Difference
- Nonphysical and Physical Aggression are Strongly Correlated in Both Sexes
- No Strong or Consistent Association between Nonphysical Aggression and Maladjustment
- Evolutionary Approaches to Human Physical Aggression and Dominance
- Evolutionary Approaches to Nonphysical Aggression
- Critique of Current Evolutionary Approaches to Nonphysical Aggression
- The Evolution of Aggression over Resources in Humans and Other Species
- Between-Group Competition for Territory
- The Impact of Within-group Resource Competition on Social Behaviors in Non-human Primates
- Frugivores Have Complex Social Relationships that Provide Advantages in Within-group Competition over Food
- Folivores Have Simpler Social Relationships Reflecting Reduced Within-group Competition over Food
- Important Caveats
- Did Ancestral Humans Contest Valuable Monopolizable Resources?
- Reputation Mediates Access to Resources
- Gossip as a Strategy to Manipulate Reputation
- Indirect Aggression is Better than Physical Aggression for Within-group Competition
- Friendships, Cliques, and Informational Warfare: The Coalitional Manipulation of Reputations
- Concluding Remarks
- Note
- References
- Chapter 16: Women's Gossip as an Intrasexual Competition Strategy: An Evolutionary Approach to Sex and Discrimination
- Introduction
- Gossip as an Adaptation to Overcome Adaptive Problems
- Gossip as a Social Control Mechanism
- Gossip as a Form of Intrasexual Competition
- Gossip as Women's Intrasexual Competition Strategy of Choice
- The Content of Women's Gossip
- The Damage Wrought by Competitor Derogation
- Avenues for Future Research
- Conclusion
- References
- Part V: POWER AND STATUS
- Chapter 17: Gossip and Reputation in the Media: How Celebrities Emerge and Evolve by Means of Mass-Mediated Gossip
- Introduction
- From Gossip to Mass Media Gossip
- What is Gossip?
- Reputation Gossip and Strategy-learning Gossip
- Defining Mass Media Gossip
- How Mass Media Reputation Gossip Creates Celebrities
- Who is a Celebrity?
- From Unknown to Celetoid to Celebrity: The Role of Reputation Gossip
- Audiences of Mass Media Gossip
- Why People Love Mass Media Gossip
- How People's Involvement with Celebrities Reinforces the Creation of a Celebrity
- Conclusion
- Note
- References
- Chapter 18: On the Nature of Gossip, Reputation, and Power Inequality
- Functions of Gossip and Their Link to Power and Reputation
- Group Protection
- Social Comparison
- Status Enhancement/Negative Influence
- Social Bonding
- Group-Level Insights into Gossip and Reputation
- Gossip, Power, and Power Inequality
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- References
- Chapter 19: Gossip and Reputation in Adolescent Networks
- Introduction and Problem Formulation
- Gossip and its Explanations among Adolescents
- Gossip and Social Bonding in Schools
- Gossip and Ostracism
- Gossip as Relational Aggression
- Gossip and Status Competition
- Gender and Gossip
- The Utility of a Social Network Perspective in Research on Gossip and Reputation among Adolescents
- Illustration: An Empirical Study among Adolescents
- Measures
- Descriptive Statistics
- Results of the Empirical Analysis
- Implications of the Findings
- Summary
- Future Directions
- References
- Part VI: MARKETS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND NETWORKS
- Chapter 20: Trust and Reputation in Markets
- Introduction
- The Trust Problem and Its Solutions
- Reputation and Markets in Historical and Modern Societies
- Reputation in Online Markets
- The Down Side of Reputation Systems
- Notes
- References
- Chapter 21: The Economics of Gossip and Collective Reputation
- Reputation
- Individual, Collective, and Institutional Reputation
- Importance of Reputation
- Problems Connected with the Public Good Nature of Collective Reputation (and Possible Solutions)
- Problems Connected with the Weakening Information Content of the Collective and Institutional Reputations (and Possible Solutions)
- Gossip and Reputation
- Social Learning and Word-of-Mouth
- Word-of-Mouth and Individual Reputation
- Word-of-Mouth and Collective Reputation
- Problems with Fakery in Word-of-Mouth (and Possible Solutions)
- Conclusions
- Note
- References
- Chapter 22: Antecedents and Consequences of Gossip in Work Groups Bianca Beersma, Gerben A. van Kleef,and Maria T. M. Dijkstra
- Introduction
- What Motivates Work Group Members to Engage in Gossip?
- Bonding
- Seeking Entertainment
- Emotional Venting
- Information Exchange
- Maintenance of Group Norms/Social Order
- Interpersonal Aggression
- How Does Gossip in Work Groups Affect Group Effectiveness?
- Task Performance
- Inclusion
- Team Viability
- Reflections on Findings and Suggestions for Future Research
- Gossip Motives
- Gossip Outcomes
- Integrating Gossip Motives and Outcomes
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 23: Gossip and Reputation in Social Networks
- Introduction and Main Propositions
- Gossip and Reputation as Coevolving Relational Phenomena
- Global Network Structures as Drivers of Information Sharing
- Theoretical Expectations
- Empirical Measures
- Empirical Findings
- Local Network Structures as Drivers of Information Sharing
- Theoretical Expectations
- Empirical Measures
- Empirical Findings
- Individual Network Structures as Drivers of Information Sharing
- Theoretical Expectations
- Empirical Measures
- Empirical Findings
- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
- Alignment with Theory
- Extension of the Empirical Scope
- Moving in an Interdisciplinary Direction
- References
- Part VII: THE WEB, COMPUTERS, AND TECHNOLOGY
- Chapter 24: Gossip and Reputation in Computational Systems
- Gossip and Reputation in Computational Systems: An Overall Perspective
- Modelling Reputation: An Overview Existing Models
- Models for Agents
- Reputation as a Service
- Computational Models of Gossip
- Cognitive Models
- Gossip Algorithms
- Gossip Detection Mechanisms
- The Interplay between Gossip and Reputation in Computational Systems
- Open Questions and Future Research
- Notes
- References
- Chapter 25: Online Reputation Systems
- Introduction
- The Missing Link between Experiments and Field Studies
- Is There a Positive Effect of Reputation for Sellers?
- Problems Related to the Estimation of the Effect of Reputation
- What Do We Measure When Regressing Sales Price on Reputation Scores?
- Simulation 1: A mini "Buy-It-Now" eBay Market
- Simulation 2: A Mini eBay Market with Buyers Who Value Reputation Differently
- How Important is the Impact of the Numeric Reputation Scores Compared to Semantic Feedback?
- Discussion and Implications
- Note
- References
- Chapter 26: Gossip, Internet-Based Reputation Systems, and Governance
- Introduction
- Internet-Based Reputation Systems
- Gossip in the Internet Age
- Internet-Based Reputation Systems and Gossip
- Democratizing Gossip
- Reputation-Based Public Governance
- Discussion and Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- Index
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