
Introduction to Logistics Systems Management
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The updated new edition of the award-winning introductory textbook on logistics system management
Introduction to Logistics Systems Management provides an in-depth introduction to the methodological aspects of planning, organization, and control of logistics for organizations in the private, public and non-profit sectors. Based on the authors' extensive teaching, research, and industrial consulting experience, this classic textbook is used in universities worldwide to teach students the use of quantitative methods for solving complex logistics problems.
Fully updated and revised, the third edition places increased emphasis on the complexity and flexibility required by modern logistics systems. In this context, the extensive use of data, descriptive analytics, predictive models, and optimization techniques will be invaluable to support the decisions and actions of logistics and supply chain managers. Throughout the book, brand-new case studies and numerical examples illustrate how various methods can be used in industrial and service logistics to reduce costs and improve service levels. The book:
* includes new models and techniques that have emerged over the past decade;
* describes methodologies for logistics decision making, forecasting, logistics system design, procurement, warehouse management, and freight transportation management;
* includes end-of-chapter exercises, Microsoft¯® Excel¯® files and Python¯® computer codes for each algorithm covered;
* includes access to a companion website with additional exercises, links to video tutorials, and supplementary teaching material.
To facilitate creation of course material, additional LaTeX source data containing the formulae, optimization models, tables and algorithms described in the book is available to instructors.
Introduction to Logistics Systems Management, Third Edition remains an essential textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students in engineering, computer science, and management science courses. It is also a highly useful reference for academic researchers and industry practitioners alike.
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Persons
Gianpaolo Ghiani, Professor of Operations Research, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
Gilbert Laporte, Professor Emeritus, Department of Decision Sciences, HEC, Montréal, Canada and University of Bath, United Kingdom.
Roberto Musmanno, Professor of Operations Research, University of Calabria, Italy.
Content
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
About the Authors xviii
List of Abbreviations xix
1 Introducing Logistics 1
1.1 Definition of Logistics 1
1.2 Logistics Systems 3
1.3 Supply Chains 5
1.3.1 Logistics Versus Supply Chain Management 5
1.3.2 A Taxonomy of Supply Chains 5
1.3.3 The Bullwhip Effect 6
1.4 Logistics Service Providers 8
1.5 Logistics in Service Organizations 9
1.5.1 Logistics in Solid Waste Management 9
1.5.2 Humanitarian Logistics 10
1.6 Case Studies 11
1.6.1 Apple 11
1.6.2 Adidas AG 13
1.6.3 Galbani 14
1.6.4 Pfizer 15
1.6.5 Amazon 18
1.6.6 FedEx 20
1.6.7 A.P. Moller-Maersk 21
1.6.8 Canadian Pacific Railway 23
1.7 Trends in Logistics 24
1.7.1 Reverse and Sustainable Logistics 24
1.7.2 E-commerce Logistics 26
1.7.3 City Logistics 28
1.8 Logistics Objectives and KPIs 30
1.8.1 Capital-related KPIs 30
1.8.2 Cost-related KPIs 31
1.8.3 Service Level-related KPIs 32
1.9 Logistics Management 36
1.9.1 Logistics Planning 37
1.9.2 Logistics Organizational Structures 37
1.9.3 Controlling 41
1.10 Data Analytics in Logistics 48
1.10.1 Descriptive Analytics 48
1.10.2 Predictive Analytics 49
1.10.3 Prescriptive Analytics 49
1.11 Segmentation Analysis 69
1.11.1 Customer Segmentation 69
1.11.2 Product Segmentation 70
1.12 Information Systems 73
1.13 Questions and Problems 75
2 Forecasting Logistics Data 83
2.1 Introduction 83
2.2 Qualitative Methods 84
2.3 Quantitative Methods 85
2.3.1 Explanatory Versus Extrapolation Methods 87
2.3.2 The Forecasting Process 87
2.4 Exploratory Data Analysis 88
2.4.1 The Univariate Case 88
2.4.2 Histograms 89
2.4.3 Boxplots 90
2.4.4 Time Series Plots 92
2.4.5 The Bivariate Case 92
2.4.6 Scatterplots 93
2.5 Data Preprocessing 93
2.5.1 Insertion of Missing Data 93
2.5.2 Detection of Outliers 95
2.5.3 Data Aggregation 96
2.5.4 Removing Calendar Variations 98
2.5.5 Deflating Monetary Time Series 99
2.5.6 Adjusting for Population Variations 101
2.5.7 Data Normalization 101
2.6 Classification of Time Series 102
2.7 Explanatory Methods 105
2.7.1 Forecasting with Regression 105
2.7.2 Multicollinearity 107
2.7.3 Categorical Predictors 107
2.7.4 Coefficient of Determination 108
2.7.5 Polynomial Regression 109
2.7.6 Linear-log, Log-linear and Log-log Regression Models 111
2.7.7 Underfitting and Overfitting 111
2.7.8 Forecasting with Machine Learning 113
2.8 Extrapolation Methods 118
2.8.1 Notation 118
2.8.2 Decomposition Method 119
2.8.3 Further Extrapolation Methods: the Constant-trend Case 127
2.8.4 Further Extrapolation Methods: the Linear-trend Case 132
2.8.5 Further Extrapolation Methods: the Seasonality Case 137
2.8.6 Further Extrapolation Methods: the Irregular Time Series Case 146
2.8.7 Further Extrapolation Methods: the Intermittent Time Series Case 148
2.9 Accuracy Measures 154
2.9.1 Calibration of the Parametrized Forecasting Methods 155
2.9.2 Selection of the Most Accurate Forecasting Method 157
2.10 Forecasting Control 158
2.10.1 Tracking Signal 158
2.10.2 Control Charts 159
2.11 Interval Forecasts 162
2.12 Case Study: Sales Forecasting at Shivoham 163
2.13 Case Study: Sales Forecasting at Orlea 164
2.14 Questions and Problems 165
3 Designing the Logistics Network 177
3.1 Introduction 177
3.2 Classification of Logistics Network Design Problems 178
3.3 The Number of Facilities in a Logistics System 181
3.4 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Location Methods 183
3.5 The Weighted Scoring Method 183
3.6 The Analytical Hierarchy Process 185
3.7 Single-commodity One-echelon Continuous Location Problems 190
3.8 Single-commodity Two-echelon Continuous Location Problems 197
3.9 Single-commodity One-echelon Discrete Location Problems 200
3.10 Single-commodity Two-echelon Discrete Location Problems 222
3.11 The Multi-commodity Case 226
3.12 Location-covering Problems 230
3.13 p-centre Problems 234
3.14 Data Aggregation 241
3.15 Location Models Under Uncertainty 244
3.15.1 A Stochastic Location-allocation Model 244
3.15.2 A Location-routing Model with Uncertain Demand 247
3.16 Case Study: Intermodal Container Depot Location at Hardcastle 251
3.17 Case Study: Location-Allocation Decisions at the Italian National Transplant Centre 254
3.18 Questions and Problems 256
4 Selecting the Suppliers 267
4.1 Introduction 267
4.2 Definition of the Set of Potential Suppliers 269
4.3 Definition of the Selection Criteria 270
4.4 Supplier Selection 274
4.5 Supplier Relationship Management Software 278
4.6 Case Study: the System for the Selection of Suppliers at Baxter 279
4.7 Case Study: the Supplier Selection at Onokar 282
4.8 Questions and Problems 284
5 Managing a Warehouse 290
5.1 Introduction 290
5.1.1 Warehouse Operations 290
5.1.2 Warehouse Functional Zones 292
5.1.3 Advantages of Warehousing 294
5.2 Types of Warehouses 294
5.2.1 Classification with Respect to the Position in the Logistics System 294
5.2.2 Classification with Respect to Ownership 296
5.2.3 Classification with Respect to Climate-control 297
5.2.4 Classification with Respect to the Level of Automation 297
5.3 Warehousing Costs 298
5.4 Unit Loads 300
5.4.1 Freight Classification 300
5.4.2 Unit Loads and Stock Keeping Units 301
5.4.3 Packaging 301
5.4.4 Palletized Unit Loads 302
5.4.5 Containerized Unit Loads 305
5.5 Storage Systems 307
5.5.1 Block Stacking 307
5.5.2 Pallet Racks 307
5.5.3 Shelves 311
5.5.4 Cabinet and Carousel Systems 313
5.6 Internal Transportation Systems 314
5.6.1 Manual Handling and Non-autonomous Vehicles 315
5.6.2 Automated Guided Vehicles 318
5.6.3 Stacker Cranes 320
5.6.4 Conveyors 321
5.7 Product Identification Systems 322
5.7.1 SKU Codes 322
5.7.2 Global Trade Item Numbers 323
5.7.3 Barcodes 323
5.7.4 QR Codes 325
5.7.5 Logistic Labels 325
5.7.6 Radio-frequency Identification 325
5.8 Warehouse Performance Measures 327
5.9 Warehouse Management Systems 333
5.10 Warehouse Design 335
5.10.1 Internal Transportation Technology Selection 336
5.10.2 Layout Design 337
5.10.3 Sizing of the Storage Zone 341
5.10.4 Sizing of the Receiving and Shipping Zones 348
5.10.5 Sizing of an AS/RS 349
5.10.6 Sizing a Vehicle-based Internal Transportation System 354
5.11 Storage Space Allocation 355
5.12 Inventory Management 360
5.12.1 Deterministic models 361
5.12.2 Stochastic Models 373
5.12.3 Selecting an Inventory Policy 380
5.12.4 Multiproduct Inventory Models 382
5.13 Crossdock Door Assignment Problem 387
5.14 Put-away and Order Picking Optimization 390
5.14.1 Parts-to-picker Systems 390
5.14.2 Picker-to-parts and AGV-based Systems 390
5.15 Load Consolidation 397
5.15.1 One-dimensional Bin Packing Problems 400
5.15.2 Two-dimensional Bin Packing Problems 403
5.15.3 Three-dimensional Bin Packing Problems 406
5.16 Case Study: Inventory Management at Wolferine 415
5.17 Case Study: Airplane Loading at FedEx 416
5.18 Questions and problems 418
6 Managing Freight Transportation 431
6.1 Introduction 431
6.2 Transportation Modes 431
6.2.1 Road Transportation 432
6.2.2 Water Transportation 434
6.2.3 Rail Transportation 437
6.2.4 Air Transportation 438
6.2.5 Pipeline Transportation 439
6.2.6 Intermodal Transportation 439
6.2.7 Comparison Among Transportation Modes 440
6.3 Freight Transportation Terminals 443
6.3.1 Port Terminals 444
6.3.2 Air Cargo Terminals 446
6.3.3 Rail Freight Terminals 448
6.3.4 Road Freight Terminals 449
6.4 Classification of Freight Transportation Management Problems 450
6.4.1 Long-haul Freight Transportation Management 450
6.4.2 Freight Transportation Terminal Management 451
6.4.3 Short-haul Freight Transportation Management 452
6.5 Transportation Management Systems 454
6.6 Freight Traffic Assignment Problems 455
6.6.1 Minimum-cost Flow Formulation 456
6.6.2 Linear Single-commodity Minimum-cost Flow Problems 458
6.6.3 Linear Multi-commodity Minimum-cost Flow Problems 465
6.7 Service Network Design Problems 471
6.8 Vehicle Allocation Problems 478
6.9 A Dynamic Driver Assignment Problem 481
6.10 Vehicle Fleet Composition 483
6.11 Shipment Consolidation 485
6.12 Vehicle Routing Problems 488
6.12.1 The Travelling Salesman Problem 491
6.12.2 The Node Routing Problem with Operational Constraints 506
6.12.3 The Node Routing and Scheduling Problem with Time Windows 519
6.12.4 Arc Routing Problems 530
6.12.5 Route Sequencing 540
6.13 Real-time Vehicle Routing Problems 541
6.14 Integrated Location and Routing Problems 543
6.15 Inventory Routing Problems 545
6.16 Case Study: Air Network Design at Intexpress 555
6.17 Case Study: Dynamic Vehicle-dispatching Problem with Pickups and Deliveries at eCourier 559
6.18 Questions and Problems 561
Index 572
1
Introducing Logistics
1.1 Definition of Logistics
According to a widespread definition, logistics is the discipline that studies, in an organization (such as a private company, a public administration, a non-profit association, a military corps), the management and implementation of the operations concerning the flow of tangible goods (materials, food and medical supplies, refuse, equipment, weapons, etc.) from their sources (suppliers, mines, crop fields, etc.) to their points of utilization or consumption or disposal (retailers, landfills, army units, etc.) to meet the objectives of the organization. To this end, logistics requires the collection, integration, and processing of data from several sources in order to plan, organize, and control activities such as material handling, production, packaging, warehousing, and distribution.
The words "logic" and "logistics" both come from the Greek term lógos, which means, among other things, "order". However, while "logic" derives directly from Greek, "logistics" first passed into Middle French as "logis", meaning "lodging", and then into English.
Defence Logistics. The origins of logistics are of a strictly military nature. In fact, the discipline arose as the study of methodologies to guarantee the correct supply of troops with victuals, ammunitions, fuel, etc. Indeed it was the Babylonians, in the distant twentieth century BCE, who first created a military corps specialized in the supply, storage and delivery of soldiers' equipment. The relevance of logistics became apparent during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) when the lack of adequate supplies for the 12 000 British soldiers overseas during the first six years devastated the troop morale and contributed to their final defeat. In modern times, logistics played a key role in World War II where it helped the Allied powers to succeed. In modern times, the key concept in defence logistics is that of supply chain, defined as the set of processes, infrastructure, equipment and personnel ensuring that a specific vehicle or weapon is fully functioning in the theatre of operations.
Industrial Logistics. Only in the twentieth century, were logistics principles and techniques extended to manufacturing companies. In industrial logistics, a supply chain resembles a military one and is defined as the network of organizations (suppliers, carriers, logistics providers, wholesalers, and retailers, etc.), resources, activities, and information built around a company to produce and distribute a specific product to a specific market. Here, the goal of logistics is to manage the flow of materials and information from the extraction, harvesting or purchase of raw materials and components up to the delivery of the finished products to customers. In this sector, logistics activities are traditionally classified depending on their location with respect to the production and distribution processes. In particular, procurement logistics comes before the manufacturing process and consists of supplying raw materials and components to support the company's production plan. Internal logistics is about material handling and storage in production plants in order to feed production lines and the subsequent product packaging and shipment. Finally, distribution logistics falls after the production plants and before the market, and aims to supply sales points or customers. In this framework, procurement logistics and distribution logistics are collectively called external logistics.
Service Logistics. Logistics issues are also increasingly present in the service sector, for example in postal services, in urban solid waste collection, in the post-sales activities of manufacturing companies as well as in humanitarian organizations. Logistics service providers (LSPs), performing transportation or warehousing activities for other organizations, including manufacturing companies, also fall into this category.
Integrated Logistics and Logistics Alliances. Logistics activities may be carried out entirely by a specific function of the organization (see Section 1.5 for details). Otherwise, they may be jointly performed by multiple departments of the organization such as production, marketing, etc. (integrated logistics) or even in collaboration with different partner organizations (logistics alliances). Logistics alliances can be implemented in two different forms. The efficiency-oriented approach relies on contracts of a strictly operative nature that do not modify the organization's own strategy but simply tend to create synergies or economies of scale with the primary objective of minimizing costs. On the other hand, in the differentiation-oriented approach the company tries to forge exclusive alliances with some partners, not replicable by competitors, to generate an added value with respect to the competition.
An efficiency-oriented logistics alliance was implemented by SkyTeam, the second global airline alliance in the world, that in 2021 counted 19 members (Aeroflot, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeroméxico, Air Europa, Air France, Ita Airways, China Airlines, China Eastern, Czech Airlines, Delta Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, Kenya Airways, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Korean Air, Middle East Airlines, Saudi Arabian Airlines, TAROM Romanian Air Transport, Vietnam Airlines, and Xiamen Airlines). The alliance allows the collaboration among airlines in different forms: creating synergies in timetable design and ticket pricing, sharing information about customers, operating ground services, managing frequent flyer programmes, and airplane maintenance. In addition, customers of the SkyTeam airlines can benefit from a larger number of flights, with more destinations and connections as well as a larger number of lounges located within the network's airports. In 2021 SkyTeam transported about 675 million passengers over 15 500 daily flights reaching about 1000 destinations in 170 countries. The cargo branches of 11 of the 19 air companies cited above have also signed a strategic alliance, called SkyTeam Cargo, for freight transportation. The members of SkyTeam Cargo share airplanes and cargo buildings (see Section 6.3.2) located in 76 air cargo terminals worldwide (e.g., the cargo building located in the Vienna Airport is shared among China Airlines Cargo, Korean Air Cargo and Aerflot Cargo).
An example of a differentiation-oriented logistics alliance has been set up in 2019 between Unilever, a global Dutch-British consumer goods company owning the Algida ice cream brand, and Ferrero, a world-renowned Italian manufacturer of branded chocolate and confectionery products, including the Kinder brand of chocolate products and Nutella. The agreement concerned the launch of a new Kinder Ice Cream (whose recipe was created by Ferrero), produced and distributed by Unilever in various European markets (Germany, France, Italy, Austria, etc.). The partnership has clear mutual benefits. Ferrero may take advantage of Unilever's experience in the ice cream sector to take its Kinder brand to new attractive markets, without the cost of investing in a frozen food supply chain. On the other hand, Unilever may take advantage from the Kinder brand power to increase its sales and enlarge its product portfolio.
1.2 Logistics Systems
A logistics system is a set of interacting infrastructures, equipment, and human resources whose objective is, as a whole, the execution of all the functional activities determining the flow of materials among a number of facilities. Facilities may be plants, warehouses, landfills, sorting centres, air, and ground hubs where either production or assembly, disposal, consolidation, storage, packaging, distribution, etc. is carried out.
It is concerned with the flow of materials among facilities. For example, in a waste collection system, materials flow from households to waste recycling plants and landfills through a number of facilities such as transfer points and mixed waste sorting plants. In a postal system, letters and packages flow from the pickup points to the delivery addresses through mail sorting sites, air and ground hubs, regional distribution centres (DCs), etc. In a manufacturing system, materials flow from suppliers to production plants and then reach the distributions system and the retailers (or directly the final customers). The distribution phase may rely, depending on the cost structure and customer expectations, on a single layer of DCs or on a central distribution centre (CDC) and a number of regional distribution centres (RDCs). In any case, at each facility the flow of materials is temporarily interrupted, generally in order to change their physical or chemical composition (production, assembly), appearance (packaging), availability (storage), or ownership. Such logistics activities, along with transportation and material handling, constantly add value to the product, as it draws nearer the final customer. An exception to the downstream flow from suppliers to markets is when a defective product, or a product at the end of its life cycle, is returned to be repaired or disposed of (see Section 1.7.1).
Figure 1.1 shows a schematic representation of a logistics system in which the manufacturing process of the finished goods is divided into a transformation phase and an assembly phase, performed in different facilities. At the start are the suppliers of materials and components which feed the final manufacturing...
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