Design Computing and Cognition'22

Name: Design Computing and Cognition'22
Brand: Springer
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John S. Gero(Editor)

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Published on 4. January 2023

XV, 836 pages

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Content

Intro
Preface
List of Reviewers
Contents
Natural Language Processing and Design
Extracting Information for Creating SAPPhIRE Model of Causality from Natural Language Descriptions
Introduction
Design Creativity and Design by Analogy
Support for Design by Analogy
Structured Representation from a Natural Language Description
Research Questions and Research Methodology
Opportunities for Research
Research Questions
Research Methodology
Intercoder Reliability Study
Goals of the Study
Study Procedure
Samples Used in the Intercoder Reliability Study and Results
Proposed Process
Process Descriptions
Process Validation
Developer Testing
User Validation of the New Process
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Recognizing the Structure of Biological Designs in Text Documents
Introduction
Related Research
Intelligent Biologically Inspired Design
Structure Recognition in IBID
Positive Example of IBID's Structure Recognition
Negative Examples of IBID's Structure Recognition
Experimentation and Results
Comparing IBID's Results and the Humans' Results
Adjusting for Sources of Discrepancies via Adjusting the Ontology and Relaxation of Matching Criteria
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Generative Design Ideation: A Natural Language Generation Approach
Background
Computer-Aided Design Ideation
Pre-trained Language Model
Aim
Significance
Method
Case Study and Results
Discussion and Future Work
References
The ABC (Affordance-Bias-Cognition) Reasoning of Product-Use Interaction: A Text Mining Approach
Introduction
Background
Product-Use Interaction from a Cognitive Perspective
Text Mining Approaches to Analyze Design Artifacts
Theoretical Framework
Data and Methodology
Results
Discussion
Limitations and Future Developments
Conclusions
References
Design Progress Dashboard: Visualising a Quantitative Divergent/Convergent Pattern of Design Team Progress Through Natural Language Processing
Introduction
Related Works
Reframing a Design Problem
The Importance of Divergence and Convergence in Design
Design Process Across Products, Systems & Services
Opportunity of Adopting NLP in Design Documentations
Research Methodology
Corpus Setup
Data Collection
Data Cleaning Using NLP
Data Processing
Data Visualisation
Results and Discussion
Data Visualisation Framework
Individual, Team and Class Representation
Final Peer Assessment
Case Study
Conclusion
Limitations
Future Work
References
TechNet 2.0: Expanding Technology Semantic Network with Qualitative Relations to Enhance Reasoning Capabilities
Introduction
Merging TechNet and EKG
TechNet 2.0: New Reasoning Capabilities
Discussions and Outlook
References
Design Cognition-1
A Classification of Methods and Constructs in Design Cognition Research
Introduction
Methods
Defining Terms
Research Methods for Investigating Design Cognition
Self-report
Behavioural
Physiological
Design Cognition Constructs
Reasoning
Logical Reasoning
Visual Reasoning
Dual-Process Theories of Reasoning
Decision Making
Knowledge and Memory
Metacognition
Executive Functions
Attention
Visual Perception and Mental Imagery
Classifying Methods and Constructs
Conclusions
References
Is the PSVT:R Suitable for Evaluating Spatial Skill in Design? A Critique
Background/Motivation
Aims
Significance
Method
Results
What Is the Origin of the Term "Gestalt Processing" in Spatial Ability Assessment?
How Are Gestalt and Analytic Processing Defined?
How Was It Determined That the PSVT:R Is the Test of Spatial Ability that Best Measures "Gestalt Processing"?
What Are the Implications for Using the PSVT:R to Assess Spatial Ability?
Conclusions
References
Effects of Open-Endedness on Problem Solving Behaviour
Introduction
Problem Solving
Ill-Structured, Open-Ended Problems
The Present Study
Solution Variability
Path Dependency
Perceived Difficulty
Method
Participants and Experimental Design
Experimental Conditions and Stimuli Design
Procedure
Measures
Results
Solution Variability
Path Dependency
Task Difficulty
Discussion
References
A Focussed Literature Review of Dual-Process Thinking to Inform the Study of Hackathons
Introduction
Background and Motivation
Dual-Process Theory
A Dual-Process Theory of Design
Description of Hackathons
Study Objectives
Methodology
Findings
Dual-Process Theory in the Hackathon Design Process
Dual-Process Theory During Problem Definition
Dual-Process Theory During Conceptual Design
Dual-Process Theory During Preliminary Design
Dual-Process Theory During Detailed Design
Dual-Process Theory During Communication
Impact of Environment on Cognition
Discussion
Future Research Directions
Limitations
Conclusion
References
A Systems Thinking Inspired Approach to Understanding Design Activity
Introduction
Background
Systems and Systems Thinking
Systems Thinking and Design
Systems Mapping
System Mapping for Analyzing Design Protocols: A Novel Approach
Method
Data Collection
Generation of Maps
Results
Size of the Map
Maps over Time
Patterns in Maps
Discussion
Contributions and Significance
Future Research
Conclusion
References
Investigating the Cognitive Processes Involved in Design Ideation Using Psychological Tests
Introduction
Existing Behavioral Literature on Ideation
Present Study
Methods
Participants
Tasks and Procedure
Ideation Tasks
Novelty Assessment Procedure
Results
Correlations Between Novelty and Cognitive Processes
Variance in Novelty Scores Accounted for by the Cognitive Processes
Discussion
Semantic Association
Executive Functions
Broad Retrieval Ability (Gr)
Inhibition
Working Memory
Intelligence
Mental Imagery
Divergent Thinking
Variance in Novelty Accounted for by the Cognitive Processes
Limitations
Conclusion
References
Design Neurocognition
Brain and Behavior in Engineering Design: An Exploratory Study on Using Concept Mapping
Introduction
Background
Using fNIRS to Explore Neurocognitive Activation and Brain Network
Research Questions
Methods
Experiment Design
Data Analysis
Results
Students' Neurocognitive Activation Is Positively Correlated with Their Concept Mapping Performance
Students' Brain Network Features Are Negatively Correlated with Their Concept Mapping Performance
Discussion
Conclusion
References
EEG Microstate Characteristics in Product Conceptual Design: Increased Time Coverage of Microstate Class Related to the Default Mode Network
Background/Motivation
Aims and Hypotheses
Method
Participants
Experimental Design
EEG Data Acquisition and Processing
Statistical Analysis
Results
Changes of Microstate Parameters in Non-Creative Conditions
Changes of Microstate Parameters Among Creative Conditions
Duration
Occurrence
Coverage
Discussion
Interpretation of the Thinking Modalities of Each Microstate Class Following the Results of the Non-Creativity Task (Rest, MI, and VF)
Differences in Microstate Parameters Between the Creativity Tasks
Conclusions
References
Neurophysiological Responses to Biophilic Design: A Pilot Experiment Using VR and EEG
Background
Aims
Method
Participants
Environmental Simulation
Experiment Procedure
Data Collection and Processing Methods
Data Analysis Methods
Analysis of Results
Effect of Biophilic Design on Relative Alpha (RA) Power
Effect of Biophilic Design on Relative Beta (RB) Power
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Comparing Designers' EEG Activity Characteristics for Common Association and Remote Association
Introduction
Methodology
Participants
Tasks
Procedure
EEG Recording and Equipment
EEG Data Analysis
Results
Spectral Analysis
ERPS Results
EEG Signals Tendency Results
Discussion
Compare the Findings with Existing Studies
Comparing the EEG Activities for Remote Association and Common Association
Limitations and Future Research
Conclusion
References
Characterization of Design Brain States Over Time When Using Morphological Analysis and TRIZ
Introduction
Background
Two Approaches to Concept Generation: Characteristics of Morphological Analysis and TRIZ
Using Dynamic Functional Connectivity to Identify Brain States
Methodology
Experiment Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Results
Identification of Brain States When Generating Concepts with Morphological Analysis
Identification of Brain States When Generating Concepts with TRIZ
Discussion and Limitations
Conclusion
References
Learning and Design
Representing Design Cognition Through 3-D Deep Generative Models
Background
Aims
Significance
Project
Concept
Context
Analyzing the Data
Experiment 1: LiDAR Scanner
Experiment 2: Mesh Model-Partition with a Grid
Experiment 3: Partition with Design References
Methodology
Data Pre-Processing
Learning the Underlying Structure
Generating New Samples
Results
Conclusions
References
Classifying Building and Ground Relationships Using Unsupervised Graph-Level Representation Learning
Introduction
Building and Ground Relationships
Graph Representation Learning
Unsupervised Graph Level Representation Learning (UGLRL)
Topology
Methodology
Experiment Case Study
Experiment Results
Learning Rate
Number of Epochs
Batch Size
Conclusion
References
Data-Based Generation of Residential Floorplans Using Neural Networks
Background
Disadvantages of Common GD Applications
The Dataset
Related Work
Methods
Pixel-Based Methods
Image Classification Using a Neural Network (NN)
Image Generation Using a Generative Adversarial Neural Network (GAN)
Interior Layout Generation Using Pix2Pix
Graph-Based Methods
Adjacency Matrix Generation Using a GAN
Random Walk Generation Using a GAN
Variational Auto-Encoders (VAE)
Autoregressive Models
From Graph to Plan
Results
Conclusion
References
Voxel Substitutional Sampling: Generative Machine Learning for Architectural Design
Introduction
Naïve Method
Neighbourhood Pattern
Neighbourhood Radius
Transition Matrix
Toy Example
Proposed Method
Best Matching Neighbourhood
Neighbourhood Pattern with Block Selection
Grid Selection and Grid Replacement
Noise-Initialised Input Model
Remix Mode
Applying Global Function
Scaling Inputs
Masking Voxels
Results
Prototype
Failures
Conclusion
References
Creative Design and Co-design
The 'Atlas' of Design Conceptual Space: A Design Thinking Framework with Cognitive and Computational Footings
Background and Motivation
The Role of Experience in Creative Design
Conceptual Space Exploration as a Model for Designing Process
The Uncertain Relationship Between Prior Design Information and Design Outputs
Aims and Significance
Methodology
'Reference Frames' and 'Thinking by Moving'
The 'Atlas' of Design Conceptual Space: The 'Reference Frame' for Design Thinking
Discussions and Future Work
Conclusions
References
Computer Games for Design Creativity Research: Opportunities and Challenges
Introduction
Background
Games and Serious Games
Design and Games
Creativity and Games
Method
Literature Search Overview
Game Search Overview
Results
Computer Game Use Reported in the Literature
Results from the Search of Potential Games
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Exploring Designers' Encounters with Unexpected Inspirational Stimuli
Introduction
Related Works
Processes Designers Use to Search for Inspiration
Designers' Preferences for and Use of Inspirational Stimuli
Methods
Participant Information
Multi-modal Search Tool
Design Task
Identification of Search Behaviors from Task and Think-Aloud Data
Results and Discussion
Selection of Unexpected Inspirational Stimuli
Motivations for Selecting Unexpected Inspirational Stimuli
Conclusion
References
Collaborative Design: Evolution of Project's Information and Role of the Graphic Interactions
Motivation
Background
Existing Research
Aim
Method
Environment
Data Collection
Results
Typical Design Activities
Recurrent Information Associations
Importance of Graphical Traces
Conclusion
References
Collaborative-Knowledge Construction Activity Method to Analyse Design-Learning in VR Co-design Crits
Introduction
Design Activities Through Codesign
The Representational Ecosystem for Supporting Codesign
Design Learning Through Codesign Critiques
Design-Learning Assessment Through Co-KCA: A Proposed Method
Methods of Design Learning Assessment
Linkography
The Function-Behaviour-Structure (FBS) Ontology
Design Conversations
Knowledge Construction Activity (KCA)
The Co-KCA Method
Case Study
Preliminary Results
Co-KCA Analysis
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Revisiting Darke: Tracing the Emergence of Design Generators in Architectural Design
Introduction
Primary Generators and Design Interpretation
Modeling and Visualizing Interpretation as a Situated Activity
Motivation
Objectives and Scope
Significance
Method
Preliminary Trial
Task
Participants and Setup
Data Processing
Visualizing the Effects of PGs on Interpretation and Designing
Simplifying Diagrams and Extracting Patterns
Results
Episode 1-Rooftop Field in Suburb
Episode 2-Vertical and Horizontal Windows
Episode 3-Frame-like Terrace
Episode 4-Vertical Windows Coherent with Surroundings
Modeling PGs in Designing
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Design Cognition-2
Inspirational Stimuli Attain Visual Allocation: Examining Design Ideation with Eye-Tracking
Introduction
Background
Eye-Tracking Technology
Eye-Tracking Data
Eye-Tracking in Design Ideation Research
Experimental Method
Participants
Experiment Procedure and Calibration
Hardware
Software
Surface Tracking
Processing and Analysis of Eye-Tracking Data
Data Processing
Exporting Eye-Tracking Data
Data Concatenation
Data Analysis: Are Participants Paying More Attention to Inspirational Words?
Data Quality
Heatmaps
Fixation Distribution
Statistical Analysis of Fixation Distribution Data
Scanpaths
Results
Heatmaps
Fixation Distribution
Discussion
Scanpaths
Limitations
Future Work
Conclusion
Published Code Repository and Data
References
Using Eye Tracking to Measure Cognitive Load of Designers in Situ
Introduction
Background
Cognitive Load Theory
Survey Based Methods to Assess Cognitive Load
Eye Parameters to Assess Cognitive Load
Aims
Materials and Methods
Participants
Task
Procedure and Data Collection
Data Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
A Test of the Structural Alignment Model for Similarity Judgements of Design Concepts
Introduction
The Structural Alignment Model of Similarity Judgements
The Present Study
Method
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Design Strategies that Work: How Engineers Use Sequential Decision-Making to Improve Design Performance in Concept Selection
Introduction
Background
Selecting Design Concepts
Concept Selection Is a Series of Sequential Decisions
Design Strategies that Influence Design Performance
Methods
Concept Selection Task
Participants
Research Design
Data Analysis
Results
Isolating Parameters and Prioritizing Parameters Improved Design Performance
High and Low Performing Designers Differed in Their Design Strategies
Discussion
Case Study: Strategy Usage for a High-Performing Participant
Implications of Key Results
Incorporating Design Strategies of Interest into Practice
Conclusion
References
Knowledge Transfer in Designing as a Situated Activity: A Case Study of Spatial Design Using Lego Blocks
Introduction
Knowledge Transfer in Design
Agent-Environment Interaction and Memory in Situated Design Agents
Aim, Objectives and Significance
Method
Task Overview
Execution and Documentation
Results
Feature Selection
Example for Knowledge Transfer During the Activity
Verbal and Visual Forms of Knowledge Transfer
Selection and Adaptation in KT Across Participants
A Closer Look at KT and Memory Construction from Interactions
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Shape Grammars and Design Knowledge
Back to the Drawing Board: Shape Calculations in Shape Machine
Introduction
Back to the Drawing Board
Manual Production
Automated Production
Conditional Production
Skeuomorphic Variations
3D Prints
Origami
Kerfs
Discussion
References
Notes on Shape Valued Functions
Introduction
Note 1: On Rule Schemas and Shape Valued Functions
Note 2: On Functions Containing b(x)
Note 3: On the Rule Action Functions
Note 4: On Boolean and Shape Valued Functions
Final Note
References
Making Grammars for Computational Lacemaking
Introduction
Background
Method
Generative Specification of Cretan Lacemaking
From Hand Movements to Lace Patterns
The Braiding Grammar
The Lace Pattern Grammar
Discussion
References
An Agent-Based Approach to Adaptive Design Based on Influences Mediated by Artifacts
Introduction
Related Work
Designing in a Complex Adaptive System
Distributed Situation Awareness
Agent-Based Modeling and Design Strategy
Aims and Hypotheses
Study Design
HO-PA Model
Empirical Experiment
Analysis Results
Analysis 1: The Graph Similarity of Arrangement Graphs
Analysis 2: Betweenness Centrality of Arrangement Graphs
Agent-Based Model Validation
Conclusion
References
Visualization of Design Data in the Wild: Interactive Evaluation and Exploration of Combined Performance and Geometric Data
Background and Motivation
Design Competitions
Wild Data
Literature Review
Human-Curated "Databases" That Are Text and Image/Based
Machine Learning and Datasets for Various Design Applications
Synthetic Design Data
Visualization of User-Supplied Data and Design Space Exploration
Research Aims
Method
Conceptual Overview
Data Processing and Representation
User Interface: Performance Maps
Results: SimJEB Dataset Case Study
Selecting a Design: Sample Exploration
Finding Patterns in Data
Results: Tower of London Competition Revisited
Conclusions
References
Dimensions of Prototyping Knowledge: Characterising Prototype Evaluation Methods and Their Contributions to Design Knowledge
A Background to Knowledge Dimensions, Making and Evaluating
Prototyping Media and Evaluation-Short Background
Knowledge Dimensions-Short Background and Definition
Aim
Method
Participant Backgrounds
Study Materials
Formulation and Categorisation of Evaluation Methods
Study Process
Comparison Between Prototype Creation and Evaluation Methods
Results
Top-3 Evaluation Methods
Physical Versus Digital Evaluation Methods
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Evaluation Methods
High Versus Low Fidelity
Evaluation Process Time Analysis
Comparisons Between Prototype Creation and Evaluation Methods
Discussion
Method Alignment with KDs, Suitability, and Selection
Digital Versus Physical Domains
Knowledge from Making and Evaluating
Limitations and Further Work
Conclusion
References
Design Generation and Quantum Computing
A New Approach to Facilitated Idea Generation and Application Through a Preliminary Study
Motivation
Background
Theoretical Framework for Role of Facilitator
Methods
The Role of the Facilitator
Participants
Experiment Design
Ideation Effectiveness Metrics
Questionnaire
Results
Ideation Effectiveness
Survey Data
NASA-TLX Workload Assessment
Survey Questions
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusion
References
The Impact of Procedural Knowledge Retrieval on the Architectural Design Process in Parametric Design Environments
Introduction
Background/Motivation
Parametric Design Environments
Function Behavior Structure Ontology
Knowledge in Interactive Information Retrieval
Aims
Significance
Method
Results
Questionnaires
Additional Data from the Interview
FBS Interpretation
Conclusion and Further Research
References
Evolutionary Optimization of Benchmarks: Parametric Typologies for Generating Typical Designs
Introduction
Site-Specific Benchmarks
Parametric Typologies
Designing Public Housing Precincts
Paper Overview
Methodology for Creating Parametric Typologies
Representative Projects
Underlying Dependencies of Design Elements
Generative Steps
Example Parametric Schema
Algorithm for Parking Block Generation
Algorithm for Skeletal Axis Generation
Algorithm for Skeletal Line Generation
Algorithm for Tower Cluster Generation
Case Study
Evaluation Metrics
Solar Radiation Metric
Accessibility Metric
Economic Feasibility Metric
Design Optimization System
Optimization Results
Discussion
Optimization in Design
Conclusion
References
Imager, Interpreter, Aesthete: Roles Played by Design Students in Graphic Design Ideation
Introduction
Background
Methodology
Data Analysis
Results
Interpreter Role
Imager Role
Aesthete Role
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Research Questions in Applying Quantum Computing to Systems Design
Introduction
Grover's Algorithm for Unstructured Search
Applying Grover's Algorithm to a Systems Design Problem
Comparing with Classical Unstructured Search
Discussion and Research Questions
Conclusion
References
Human Behavior
"Like a Moodboard, But More Interactive": The Role of Expertise in Designers' Mental Models and Speculations on an Intelligent Design Assistant
Introduction
Related Work
AI-Enabled Functionalities in Engineering Design
Human-AI and Human-Machine Teaming in Engineering Design
Mental Models in Engineering Tasks Related to AI
Analogical Reasoning and Speculation in Engineering Design
Experience in Designers' Mental Models and Speculation
Methods
Participant Information
Engineering Design Tool and Design Task
Interview Study Protocol and Analysis
Results & Discussion
Mental Models and Perceived Function of AI Tools
Transfer to the Participant's Domain
Analogy and Connections to Named Tools
Speculation and Exploration of AI Functionalities in Design
Implications for Design Research and Practice
Limitations
Conclusions
References
How Long Until We Are (Psychologically) Safe? A Longitudinal Investigation of Psychological Safety in Virtual Engineering Design Teams in Education
Introduction
Measuring and Validating Psychological Safety in Teams Research
Potential Differences with Virtual Teams in the Engineering Design Process
Research Design and Methodology
Participants
Procedure
Results
Conclusion and Discussion
References
The Effect of Design Styles and Logos on Product Preference
Design Styles of a Product
Background
The Effect of Design Styles and Logos on Products
ERPs in Product Evaluation
Methods
Materials
Participants and Procedure
EEG Recording and Analyses
Results
Subjective Ratings
N1
P2
N2
Discussion
Conclusion
References
How Does Machine Advice Influence Design Choice? The Effect of Error on Design Decision Making
Introduction
Related Work
Human-Computer Collaboration in Engineering Design
Human Trust in Automation and Acceptance of Algorithmic Advice
Methods
Results
The Effect of Model Error on Suggestion Acceptance and Performance
The Effect of Suggestions in Uncertain Scenarios
Participant Perception of Model Accuracy and Self-Reported Decision-Making Strategies
Discussion
Designers Utilize Agent Suggestions Less Than Expected When There is a "Ground Truth"
Designers Are More Willing to Accept Agent Suggestions When the "Better" Design Alternative is Uncertain
Trial-By-Trial Design Properties and Their Implications on Decision Making
Limitations
Future Directions
Conclusion
References
The Creation of Emotionally Attuned Patterns Through an Analysis of Line
Introduction
What Is a Pattern?
Form and Emotion
Experimental Protocol
Representations of Negative Emotions
Representations of Positive Emotions
Creating Bespoke Emotive Pattern Designs
Final Designs
Results from Visual Assessment
Results and Discussion
Implications for Design Practice
Limitations
Conclusion
References

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Design Computing and Cognition'22

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