Design Computing and Cognition'20

Name: Design Computing and Cognition'20
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Published on 24. February 2022

XV, 692 pages

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Content

Intro
Preface
Organization
List of Reviewers
Contents
Design Cognition - 1
1 Empirically Understanding the Impact of Item Constraints on Designer Ideation
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Ideation in Design
1.2 Duality of Constraints
2 Experimental Methods
2.1 Experiment Overview
2.2 Participants
2.3 Condition Groups
2.4 Materials
2.5 Procedure
3 Analysis
3.1 Data Cleansing
3.2 Functional Categories
3.3 Ideation Effectiveness Metrics
3.3.1 Quantity
3.3.2 Variety
3.3.3 Commonness
4 Results
4.1 Quantity
4.2 Variety
4.3 Commonness
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
2 Exploring the Use of Digital Tools to Support Design Studio Pedagogy Through Studying Collaboration and Cognition
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Learning Design by Doing Design
2.2 Importance of Design Representations During Design Critiques to Support Collaboration
2.3 Design Representations to Support Design Processes
2.4 Using a Digital Representation Ecosystem to Support Design Studio Pedagogy
3 Methodology
3.1 Description of Case Study
3.2 Methodological Tools
3.3 Using the Protocol Analysis with FBS Ontology
3.4 Analyzing Participants' Actions on the Design Representations
4 Results
4.1 Design Collaboration and Role of Participants
4.2 Actions on Design Representation
4.3 Connection Between Actions and Design Processes
5 Discussion
5.1 Effect on Engagement in the Critique and Collaboration
5.2 Effect on Interactions with Design Representations
6 Perspectives
References
3 Modelling the Dynamics of Influence on Individual Thinking During Idea Generation in Co-design Teams
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Model Description
3.1 The Design Task
3.2 Agent Generating Solutions
3.3 Agent's Desire to Explore Solution Space
3.4 Memory
3.5 Recall Capability
3.6 Learning from Experience
3.7 Effect of the Influencers
4 Methodology
4.1 Exploration Quality Index (EQI)
4.2 Exploration Index (EI)
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusion
6.1 Limitations
References
4 The Psychological Links Between Systems Thinking and Sequential Decision Making in Engineering Design
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 What is Systems Thinking?
1.2 Why is Systems Thinking Important?
1.3 Why is Systems Thinking Elusive?
2 Research Overview
3 Research Hypothesis
3.1 Rationale for Hypothesis 1
3.2 Rationale for Hypothesis 2
4 The Empirical Study
4.1 Methods
4.1.1 Participants
4.1.2 Procedure
4.2 Measures
4.2.1 Collecting Sequential Decision Making Data
4.2.2 Measuring Cognitive Competencies
5 Results
6 Discussion
7 Limitations
8 Conclusions
9 Future Directions
Acknowledgements
References
5 Patterns of Silence and Communication Between Paired Designers in Collaborative Computer-Aided Design
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Communication in Design
2 Methods
2.1 Experiment Overview
2.2 Analysis: Audio and Silence Detection
2.3 Analysis: Verbal Communication
2.4 Analysis: Determining Participants' Skill Levels
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Patterns of Silence over Time in Parallel CAD Control
3.2 Analysis of Questions
3.3 Words Spoken by Participants
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
6 This Is How I Design: Discussing Design Principles in Small Multidisciplinary Teams of Design Professionals
Abstract
1 Codifying and Sharing Design Knowledge in Multidisciplinary Design Teams
2 Methodology
2.1 Participants
2.2 Procedures
3 Qualitative Data Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
5 Limitations and Future Work
6 Conclusion
References
Design Grammars and Networks
7 Design Without Rigid Rules
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Computational Design
2.2 Shape Grammars
3 Calculating with Shapes and Their Decompositions
3.1 Four Compositions with Squares
4 Results
5 Discussion
References
8 Deriving the Production Rules of Shape-Shifting Grammars for Adaptive Façades: The Case of Hygromorphic Thermo-Bimetal Composites (HMTM)
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Hygromorphic Thermo-Bimetal Composite (HMTM) as a Passive Actuation Mechanism
1.2 Generative Motion Grammar as a Design Approach for Encoding Material Response Motion
2 Material and Evaluation Method
3 Deducing the Effect of HMTM Variables on Motion and Production Rules
3.1 Grammars for Simple Motion Responses through Embedded Properties of HMTM
3.1.1 Deriving Base Case Grammars
3.1.2 Analyzing the Angle of Curvature Range for Dimensional Ratio Variables
3.1.3 Analyzing the Angle of Curvature Range for Fiber Orientation Variables
3.1.4 Analyzing the Angle of Curvature Range for the Different Material Types
3.1.5 Analyzing the Angle of Curvature Range for the Different Material Thicknesses
3.2 Grammars for Complex Motion Responses through Controlled Properties of HMTM
3.2.1 Percentage of Lamination
3.2.2 Location of Laminated Percentage
3.2.3 Single or Separated Lamination with Same Lamination Percentage
3.2.4 Direction of Lamination with Percentage
4 Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9 Spatial and Nonspatial in Calculations with Shapes
Abstract
1 Building Blocks
1.1 Geometric Elements
1.2 Calculating with Geometric Elements
2 Shapes
2.1 Towards Shape
2.2 Calculating with Shapes
2.3 Boundaries of Shapes
3 Algebras of Shapes
3.1 Two-Sorted Algebras
3.2 Combining Algebras
3.3 Decomposing Algebras
3.4 Algebras of Diagonal Decompositions
3.5 Calculating with Shapes and their Boundaries
4 Background and Conclusion
References
10 Tracing Hybridity in Local Adaptations of Modern Architecture: The Case of A. William Hajjar's Single-Family Architecture
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Shape Grammar
4 William Hajjar
5 Hajjar Grammar
6 Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, and the Bauhaus Legacy
7 Gropius-Breuer Grammar
8 Traditional American Architecture in State College, PA
9 Grammar for Traditional American Houses
10 Discussion and Comparison
11 Conclusion
References
11 Five Criteria for Shape Grammar Interpreters
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Requirements of a Shape Grammar Interpreter
3 Calculating Embedding
3.1 Restricted Embedding
3.2 Unrestricted Embedding
3.3 Indeterminate Embedding
3.4 Counting Non-equivalent Embeddings
4 Three Systems
4.1 Case Studies of Shape Grammar Interpreters of Lines in {{{\varvec U}}}_{12}
5 Discussion
References
12 Contributions and Challenges of Pearl's Causal Networks to Causal Analysis in Design
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Pearl's Ideas about Causal Networks
2.1 Causal Diagrams
2.2 Do-calculus
3 Relevant Research on Causality
4 How Pearl's Ideas Fit Design Processes
5 Using Causal Models in Design
5.1 Signed Causal Graphs
5.2 Generating Alternative Design Ideas Using Causal Reasoning
5.3 Predicting Effects of Design Ideas Using Causal Reasoning
5.4 Representing Decision Making in Design Using Do-operators
5.4.1 Two New Types of Do-operator
5.4.2 Explicit Mapping from Design Features to Design Alternatives
6 Applying Causal Models to Design: An Illustrative Example
6.1 Incorporating the Do-calculus into Our Models
7 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Work
References
Design Generation
13 SAPPhIRE: A Multistep Representation for Abductive Reasoning in Design Synthesis
Abstract
1 Aim
2 Reasoning
2.1 Abductive Reasoning in Science
2.2 Abductive Reasoning in Design
3 Design Synthesis and Abductive Reasoning
3.1 Roozenburg's One Step Model of Innovative Abduction
3.2 Kroll & Koskela's Two Step Model of Innovative Abduction
4 SAPPhIRE: An Approach to Synthesis
4.1 Comparison of SAPPhIRE Model with Roozenburg's and Kroll & Koskela's Models
4.2 SAPPhIRE: Five Step Model for Abduction
5 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
14 A Mathematical Approach for Generating a Floor Plan for Given Adjacency Requirements
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Literature Review
1.2 Terminologies
1.3 Why Generic Rectangular Floor Plans
1.4 Work Done
2 Enumerating Generic Rectangular Floor Plans
2.1 Deriving a Floor Plan from a MRFP for Given Adjacency Requirements
2.2 Computing Extra Edges
2.3 Best Connected Rectangular Floor Plans (BCRFP)
2.4 Limitations
3 Conclusion and Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
15 Interior Layout Generation Based on Scene Graph and Graph Generation Model
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background and Related Work
2.1 Interior Layout Generation
2.2 Scene Graph
2.3 Graph Neural Network and Graph Generative Models
3 Representation of Interior Scene
3.1 Source of Data
3.2 Representing Scene with Graph
3.3 Annotation Process
4 Training of Graph Generation Model
5 Generation of Interior Layout Based on Graph
6 Conclusion and Discussion
References
16 Less Is More? In Patents, Design Transformations that Add Occur More Often Than Those that Subtract
Abstract
1 Patents: An Opportunity to Understand Design
1.1 Transformations: How Designers Go from Present to Goal-Satisfied States
2 Data
2.1 Aggregating Design Texts: United State Patent and Trade Office
2.2 Preparing Patent Data: Structured and Unstructured Data
3 Method
3.1 Building Lexicons to Qualify Design Transformations
4 Results
4.1 Developed Additive and Subtractive Lexicons
4.2 Design Transformations Describing Addition Occur More Frequently Than Those Describing Subtraction
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
17 Voxel Synthesis for Architectural Design
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 PCG
2.2 PCGML
2.3 Texture Synthesis
2.4 Model Synthesis
2.5 Wave Function Collapse (WFC)
3 Methods
3.1 Algorithm
3.2 Parameters
3.3 Extensions
3.3.1 Allowable Contradictions
3.3.2 Grounding
3.3.3 Orientation Specificity
3.3.4 Structural Connectivity
3.3.5 Spatial Proportionality
4 Experiment Setup
4.1 Input Data
4.2 Prototype Interface
5 Results
6 Discussion
6.1 Complexity
6.2 Extensions
7 Conclusion
References
18 Reverse Algorithmic Design
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Case Studies
3.1 Car Wheel
3.2 Bauhaus Building
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Design Creativity
19 Metaphorical Concepts and Framework for Designing Novel Approaches to Interactive Buildings
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Interactive Building Designs
3 Metaphorical Concepts for Characterizing Interactive Building Designs
3.1 Building as Device
3.2 Building as Robot
3.3 Building as Friend
4 Metaphorical Design Process with FBS and HCI Frameworks
5 The Effect of the Metaphorical Design Process on Designing Interactive Building
5.1 Cognitive Study Design
5.2 Description of Data
5.3 Coding and Analysis
5.3.1 Qualitative Analysis of Design Descriptions for Design Space
5.3.2 Qualitative Analysis of Design Descriptions for Identifying Creative Concepts
5.3.3 Statistical Analysis of Verbal Protocol Data
5.3.4 Thematic Analysis of Verbal Protocol Data
6 Conclusion
References
20 Design for Cybersecurity (DfC) Cards: A Creativity-Based Approach to Support Designers' Consideration of Cybersecurity
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background and Related Work
2.1 Card-Based Interventions for Design Support
2.2 Cybersecurity Education and Awareness Interventions
3 Methods
3.1 Card Rationale and Development
3.2 Human-Centered Design Participant Study
4 Results
4.1 Overall Perceived Utility of Cards
4.2 Perceived Utility by Design Team and Project Type
5 Discussion
5.1 Implications for Including Cybersecurity in the Design Process
5.2 Limitations
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
21 Towards a Virtual Librarian for Biologically Inspired Design
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Architecture of IBID
3 Extant Tools
3.1 Stanford Natural Language Parser
3.2 WordNet
3.3 VerbNet
3.4 Vincent's Vocabulary for Structure of Biological Structures
3.5 Domain-Independent Vocabularies for Structure, Behavior, and Function
4 Extraction of Structure, Behavior and Function from Text
4.1 Function Extraction
4.2 Behavior Extraction
4.3 Structure Extraction
5 Search
6 Preliminary Testing of Structural Queries
7 Machine Learning for Causal Relation Discrimination
7.1 Approach
7.2 Biological Entity Detection
7.3 Causal Knowledge Graph Construction
7.4 Discriminator Testing
8 Discussion
9 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
22 An Investigation into the Cognitive and Spatial Markers of Creativity and Efficiency in Architectural Design
Abstract
1 Significance
2 Method
2.1 A Description of the Design Experiment
2.2 Modeling Cognitive Activity
3 Results
3.1 Modeling the Protocols of the Most and Least Creative Designs
4 Conclusions
References
23 Conversational Co-creativity with Deep Reinforcement Learning Agent in Kitchen Layout
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review and Background
2.1 Design Automation
2.2 Human-Computer Co-creativity
2.3 Deep Reinforcement Learning
2.4 Kitchen Design
3 Methodologies
3.1 Building the Assistant: Three Steps
3.1.1 Environment: Board, Rules, Actions, and Evaluation Metrics
3.1.2 Self-Play and Data Collection
3.1.3 Neural Network
3.2 Using the Assistant: Conversational Co-creativity Interface
4 Results
4.1 Training Time
5 Conclusion
References
24 Assessing the Novelty of Design Outcomes: Using a Perceptual Kernel in a Crowd-Sourced Setting
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Method
3.1 Pairwise Dissimilarity Comparison
3.2 Novelty Computation
4 Example Illustrative Studies
4.1 Crowd-Estimated Perceptual Kernel Approach for Computing Novelty
4.2 Experts' Ratings on Novelty
4.3 Comparisons Between Crowd-Estimated and Expert Evaluation Approaches
5 Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
25 Serendipitous Explorations in Distributed Work in Parametric Design
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods and the Cases
3 Exploration P1: Public Library
4 Exploration P2: The towers
5 Key Steps in Exploration
6 Discussions and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Design Cognition - 2
26 Does Empathy Beget Creativity? Investigating the Role of Trait Empathy in Idea Generation and Selection
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 The Role of Empathy in the Design Process
2.2 Measuring Trait Empathy
3 Research Design and Methodology
4 Participants
5 Procedure
6 Data Collection Instruments and Metrics
6.1 Trait Empathy
6.2 Number of Ideas Generated
6.3 Consensual Assessment Technique
6.4 Propensity for Selecting Creative Ideas
7 Results
8 Discussion
8.1 The Relationship Between Trait Empathy and Concept Generation
8.2 The Relationship Between Trait Empathy and Concept Selection
8.3 Implications for Design Theory and Practice
9 Conclusions and Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
27 How Do Designers Think in Systems? - Empirical Insights from Protocol Studies of Experienced Practitioners Designing Product-Service Systems
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Past Research
3 Aims
4 Significance
5 Research Design
5.1 Research Method
5.2 Design of Experiment
6 Function - Behavior - Structure (FBS) Ontology
6.1 Levels of Systems Hierarchy
6.2 Distribution of Cognitive Effort on Design Spaces of the PSS, Products, Services and the Interactions Between Products and Services
7 Results
7.1 Overview of FBS Coding
7.2 Distribution of Cognitive Effort on FBS Design Issues
7.3 Distribution of Cognitive Effort on Design Processes for 10 Sessions
7.4 Overview of Systems Hierarchy Coding
7.5 Distribution of Cognitive Effort on Levels of Systems Hierarchy
7.6 Temporal Distribution of Cognitive Effort on Problem Decomposition and Recomposition
7.7 Overview of Design Space Coding
7.8 Distribution of Cognitive Effort on the Design Spaces of Product, Service, Interactions and PSS
8 Discussion
9 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
28 Towards Modelling Interpretation of Structure as a Situated Activity: A Case Study of Japanese Rock Garden Designs
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Spatial Configuration and Interpretation
1.2 Situatedness a Basis for Approaching Structure Interpretation
2 Aim, Objectives and Scope
3 Significance
4 Method
4.1 Task and Setup
5 Identifying Interpretations and Their Analogical Basis
5.1 Interpretation and Analogy
5.2 Three Levels of Analogical Mapping
5.3 Extracting Interpretations from Design Sessions
6 Relating Structure and RI via Element Dependencies
6.1 Situated FBS Design Worlds
6.2 Hierarchical Relations in Analogies Used by Participants
6.3 Structuring the Interpreted World via Roles
7 Modelling RI in-Action from a Situated Perspective
7.1 Situated Interpretation and Action
8 Discussion
8.1 Implications
8.2 Limitations
9 Conclusion
References
29 Interactive Visualization for Design Dialog
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Parametric Computer Aided Design (pCAD)
4 Interactive Visualization as a Solution
4.1 Interactive Design Gallery
5 Dynamic Exploration Using Parallel Coordinate Plots
6 Design and Features
6.1 Selection Techniques: Brushing and Filtering-
6.2 Multi-state Dynamic Exploration Techniques
7 Evaluation
8 Conclusion and Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
30 Composing Diverse Design Teams: A Simulation-Based Investigation on the Role of Personality Traits and Risk-Taking Attitudes on Team Empathy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Research Design and Methodology
3.1 Participants and Procedure
3.2 Data Collection Instruments
3.2.1 Trait Empathy
3.2.2 Personality Traits
3.2.3 Risk-taking Attitudes
3.3 Simulation Procedure
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Work
References
31 Emergence of Engineering Design Self-Efficacy in Engineering Identity Development
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Engineering Design Self-Efficacy
2.2 Undergraduate Students' Engineering Identity Development
2.3 Research Rationale
3 Method
3.1 Educational Context
3.2 Participants
3.3 Procedure and Measures
3.4 Data Cleaning and Analysis
3.5 Latent Semantic Analysis
4 Results
4.1 Latent Semantic Space Visualization
4.2 RQ1: How do the Pre-test Scores of Design Self-Efficacy Differ from Post-test Scores?
4.3 RQ2: How do the Pre-test Scores of Engineering Identity and Professional Practice Factors of Engineering Identity Differ from Post-test Scores?
4.4 RQ3: What are the Association Between Engineering Identity and Affinity Toward to Elements of Engineering Practices at the Post-test?
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Design Neurocognition and Physiology
32 Designing-Related Neural Processes: Higher Alpha, Theta and Beta Bands' Key Roles in Distinguishing Designing from Problem-Solving
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 EEG Studies
2 Aim
3 Methods
3.1 Participants
3.2 Experiment Tasks Design
3.3 Setup and Procedure
3.4 Data Collection Methods
3.5 Data Processing Methods
3.6 Data Analysis Methods
4 Analysis of Results
4.1 Analysis of Transformed Power across Tasks
4.2 Frequency Bands Across Deciles for the Open Design Tasks
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements and Financial Support
References
33 Verifying Design Through Generative Visualization of Neural Activity
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 The Main Contributions of this Paper Consist of Three Parts as Follows
2 Related Work
3 Image Visualization Method and Case Studies
3.1 Problem Formulation and Method Overview
3.2 Building the EEG Feature Encoder
3.3 Building the Image Generator
3.4 The Structure of the Generator
3.5 Discriminator Structure
3.6 System Performance Evaluation
4 Experiment Design
4.1 Presentation Experiments
4.2 Imagery Experiment
4.3 Subjects and Equipment
4.4 Visual Stimuli
5 Results
5.1 Seen Image Reconstruction
5.2 Iconic Brand Experiment
5.3 Cognitive Associations at Different Time Points
6 Discussion and Conclusions
References
34 NeuroDesignScience: Systematic Literature Review of Current Research on Design Using Neuroscience Techniques
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background: What New Opportunities Exist for Researching Thinking in Design?
2.1 Individuals: Researching the Thinking of Designers
2.2 Team: Researching Design Thinking in the Context of Teams
2.3 Organization: Researching Design Thinking in Organizational Settings
2.4 Region: Researching Design Thinking in the Cultural Context of a Region
3 Methodology: How Was Our Systematic Literature Review Conducted?
3.1 Initial Review Process
3.2 Secondary Review Process
4 Results and Discussion: What Were Our Main Findings?
4.1 Neuroscientific Techniques in NeuroDesignScience
4.2 Research Focus: Design Cognition and Design Activities
4.2.1 Research Focus on Design Cognition
4.2.2 Research Focus on Design Activities
4.3 Comparison of Existing Literature Reviews
4.4 Future Research Spaces for NeuroDesignScience
4.4.1 Methodological Development and Efforts Toward the Generalization and Theorization of Results
4.4.2 Traditional and Exploratory Research Design
4.4.3 Investigation of Different Design Activities
5 Conclusions: What Are the Next Steps?
Acknowledgements
References
35 Exploring Spatial Design Cognition Using VR and Eye-tracking
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Design
2.1 Procedure and Materials
2.2 Biometric Measurements of Eye-Tracking
3 Result Analysis and Findings
3.1 Presence in the VR Environment
3.2 Visual Attention on Spatial Design Elements
3.3 Gender Differences in Spatial Experience
3.4 Cognitive Sequence in Spatial Experiences
3.5 Visual Attention in Spatial Experiences
3.6 Emotional Arousal in Spatial Experiences
4 Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Machine and Human Learning in Design
36 A Machine Learning Approach for Mining the Multidimensional Impact of Urban Form on Community Scale Energy Consumption in Cities
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement
1.2 Aims and Significance
2 Methods
2.1 Data Collection
2.2 Data Processing
2.3 Training an Artificial Neural Network on the Dataset
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
37 Data Mining a Design Repository to Generate Linear Functional Chains: A Step Toward Automating Functional Modeling
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 The Design Repository
2.2 Machine Learning and Data Mining
2.2.1 Frequency
2.2.2 Threshold
2.2.3 Cross-validation
2.2.4 Precision, Recall, and the F1 Score
3 Methods
4 Results
4.1 SQL Query
4.2 Automated Frequency Calculation and Thresholding Algorithm
4.3 Using F1 Scores to Validate Accuracy
4.4 Linear Functional Chains
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
38 Variational Deep Embedding Mines Concepts from Comprehensive Optimal Designs
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Backgrounds and Aim
3 Preparing Samples
4 Learning by Variational Deep Embedding
5 Overview of Learned Latent Space and Mined Concepts
6 Interpretation of Latent Space-Possibility of Not Mined Concepts
7 Discussion and Future Works
8 Closing Remarks
References
39 Learning Comes from Experience: The Effects on Human Learning and Performance of a Virtual Assistant for Design Space Exploration
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Daphne Architecture
3 Experimental Design
4 Demographics
5 Experiment Protocol and Conditions
6 Task Details
7 Dependent Variables
8 Results
9 Discussion
10 Conclusion
References
40 Designing Self-assembly Systems with Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Method: Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning
4 Case studies
4.1 State Space and Action Space
4.2 Reward Schema
4.3 Issues and Experiment Setup
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Training Stability
5.2 Scalability of training algorithm to varying team sizes
6 Conclusions
References
41 The Order Effect of Associative and Rule-Based Reasoning Strategies in Design Learning
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 On How Designers Reason
2 Method
2.1 Product Oriented Evaluation
2.2 Process-Oriented Evaluation
2.3 Design Exercise
2.4 Materials
2.5 Data Collection
2.6 Participants
3 Results
3.1 Product Oriented Evaluation-Task 1
3.2 Product Oriented Evaluation-Task 2
3.3 Process Oriented Evaluation-Task 1
3.4 Process Oriented Evaluation-Task 2
3.5 A Comparison on the Performance of Students Throughout the Sequence
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References

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Design Computing and Cognition'20

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