Engineering with Rubber
How to Design Rubber Components
1st Edition
Published on 16. February 2012
XVIII, 434 pages
978-3-446-42871-3 (ISBN)
Description
This book provides the beginning engineer with the principles of rubber science and technology: what rubber is, how it behaves, and how to design engineering components with rubber.It introduces the reader to the principles on which successful use of rubber depends and offers solutions to the questions engineers in rubber processing face every day:- How is an elastomer chosen and a formulation developed- Why is rubber highly-elastic and relatively strong- How to estimate the stiffness and the strength of a product- How to guarantee high quality and durabilityThe authors describe current practices in rubber engineering. At the end of each chapter, sample questions and problems (together with solutions) are provided, allowing the reader to gauge how well he/she has mastered the material.Contents: - Materials and Compounds- Elasticity- Dynamic Mechanical Properties- Strength- Mechanical Fatigue- Durability- Design of Components- Finite Element Analysis- Test and Specifications.
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Content
1 - Contents [Seite 6]
2 - Preface to Third Edition [Seite 16]
3 - Authors [Seite 18]
4 - 1Introduction [Seite 20]
4.1 - 1.1 Rubber in Engineering [Seite 20]
4.2 - 1.2 Elastomers [Seite 21]
4.3 - 1.3 Dynamic Application [Seite 22]
4.4 - 1.4 General Design Principles [Seite 22]
4.5 - 1.5 Thermal Expansivity, Pressure, and Swelling [Seite 23]
4.6 - 1.6 Specific Applications and Operating Principles [Seite 24]
4.7 - 1.7 Seal Life [Seite 27]
4.8 - 1.8 Seal Friction [Seite 27]
4.9 - Acknowledgments. [Seite 28]
4.10 - References. [Seite 28]
5 - 2Materials and Compounds [Seite 30]
5.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 30]
5.2 - 2.2 Elastomer Types [Seite 31]
5.2.1 - 2.2.1 General Purpose [Seite 31]
5.2.1.1 - 2.2.1.1 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) [Seite 31]
5.2.1.2 - 2.2.1.2 Polyisoprene (NR, IR) [Seite 32]
5.2.1.3 - 2.2.1.3 Polybutadiene (BR) [Seite 33]
5.2.2 - 2.2.2 Specialty Elastomers [Seite 33]
5.2.2.1 - 2.2.2.1 Polychloroprene (CR) [Seite 33]
5.2.2.2 - 2.2.2.2 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR) [Seite 34]
5.2.2.3 - 2.2.2.3 Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (HNBR) [Seite 34]
5.2.2.4 - 2.2.2.4 Butyl Rubber (IIR) [Seite 34]
5.2.2.5 - 2.2.2.5 Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPR, EPDM) [Seite 34]
5.2.2.6 - 2.2.2.6 Silicone Rubber (MQ, VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ) [Seite 35]
5.2.2.7 - 2.2.2.7 Polysulfide Rubber (T) [Seite 35]
5.2.2.8 - 2.2.2.8 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM) [Seite 35]
5.2.2.9 - 2.2.2.9 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM) [Seite 35]
5.2.2.10 - 2.2.2.10 Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Rubber (AEM) [Seite 36]
5.2.2.11 - 2.2.2.11 Acrylic Rubber (ACM) [Seite 36]
5.2.2.12 - 2.2.2.12 Fluorocarbon Rubbers [Seite 36]
5.2.2.13 - 2.2.2.13 Epichlorohydrin Rubber (CO, ECO) [Seite 36]
5.2.2.14 - 2.2.2.14 Urethane Rubber [Seite 36]
5.3 - 2.3 Compounding [Seite 37]
5.3.1 - 2.3.1 Vulcanization and Curing [Seite 37]
5.3.1.1 - 2.3.1.1 Sulfur Curing [Seite 37]
5.3.1.2 - 2.3.1.2 Determination of Crosslink Density [Seite 40]
5.3.1.3 - 2.3.1.3 Influence of Crosslink Density [Seite 41]
5.3.1.4 - 2.3.1.4 Other Cure Systems [Seite 42]
5.3.2 - 2.3.2 Reinforcement [Seite 42]
5.3.3 - 2.3.3 Anti-Degradants [Seite 44]
5.3.3.1 - 2.3.3.1 Ozone Attack [Seite 45]
5.3.3.2 - 2.3.3.2 Oxidation [Seite 45]
5.3.4 - 2.3.4 Process Aids [Seite 47]
5.3.5 - 2.3.5 Extenders [Seite 48]
5.3.6 - 2.3.6 Tackifiers [Seite 48]
5.4 - 2.4 Typical Rubber Compositions [Seite 49]
5.5 - Acknowledgment. [Seite 53]
5.6 - References. [Seite 53]
5.7 - Problems for Chapter.2. [Seite 54]
5.8 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.2. [Seite 54]
6 - 3Elasticity [Seite 56]
6.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 56]
6.2 - 3.2 Elastic Properties at Small Strains [Seite 57]
6.2.1 - 3.2.1 Elastic Constants [Seite 57]
6.2.2 - 3.2.2 Relation Between Shear Modulus G and Composition [Seite 60]
6.2.3 - 3.2.3 Stiffness of Components [Seite 63]
6.2.3.1 - 3.2.3.1 Choice of Shear Modulus [Seite 63]
6.2.3.2 - 3.2.3.2 Shear Deformations of Bonded Blocks and Hollow Cylindrical Tubes [Seite 64]
6.2.3.3 - 3.2.3.3 Small Compressions or Extensions of Bonded Blocks [Seite 66]
6.2.3.4 - 3.2.3.4 Compression of Blocks Between Frictional Surfaces [Seite 69]
6.2.3.5 - 3.2.3.5 Maximum Allowable Loads in Tension and Compression [Seite 71]
6.2.3.6 - 3.2.3.6 Indentation of Rubber Blocks by Rigid Indentors [Seite 72]
6.2.3.7 - 3.2.3.7 Compression of O-rings [Seite 74]
6.2.3.8 - 3.2.3.8 Protrusion of Rubber Through a Hole or Slit [Seite 74]
6.3 - 3.3 Large Deformations [Seite 75]
6.3.1 - 3.3.1 General Theory of Large Elastic Deformations [Seite 75]
6.3.2 - 3.3.2 Forms for W Valid at Large Strains [Seite 77]
6.3.3 - 3.3.3 Stress-Strain Relations in Selected Cases [Seite 78]
6.3.3.1 - 3.3.3.1 Simple Extension [Seite 78]
6.3.3.2 - 3.3.3.2 Equibiaxial Stretching [Seite 80]
6.3.3.3 - 3.3.3.3 Constrained Tension (Pure Shear) [Seite 80]
6.3.4 - 3.3.4 Determining the Strain Energy Function W [Seite 82]
6.3.4.1 - 3.3.4.1 Elastic Behavior of Filled Rubber Vulcanizates [Seite 84]
6.3.4.2 - 3.3.4.2 Does Any Strain Energy Function Apply? [Seite 86]
6.3.5 - 3.3.5 Other Stress-Strain Relations Valid at Large Strains [Seite 86]
6.3.5.1 - 3.3.5.1 Simple Shear [Seite 86]
6.3.5.2 - 3.3.5.2 Torsion [Seite 89]
6.3.5.3 - 3.3.5.3 Instability in Torsion [Seite 91]
6.3.5.4 - 3.3.5.4 Inflation of a Thin-Walled Tube [58] [Seite 92]
6.3.5.5 - 3.3.5.5 Inflation of a Spherical Shell (Balloon) [Seite 93]
6.3.5.6 - 3.3.5.6 Inflation of a Spherical Cavity [Seite 95]
6.3.5.7 - 3.3.5.7 Surface Creasing in Compression [Seite 96]
6.4 - 3.4 Molecular Theory of Rubber Elasticity [Seite 97]
6.4.1 - 3.4.1 Elastic Behavior of a Molecular Network [Seite 97]
6.4.2 - 3.4.3 Effective Density of Network Strands [Seite 100]
6.4.3 - 3.4.4 The Second Term in the Strain Energy Function [Seite 101]
6.4.4 - 3.4.5 Concluding Remarks on Molecular Theories [Seite 102]
6.5 - Acknowledgments. [Seite 103]
6.6 - References. [Seite 103]
6.7 - Problems for Chapter.3. [Seite 106]
6.8 - Answers to Selected Problems for Chapter.3. [Seite 107]
7 - 4Dynamic Mechanical Properties [Seite 108]
7.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 108]
7.2 - 4.2 Stress Waves in Rubbery Solids, Transit Times, and Speeds of Retraction [Seite 109]
7.3 - 4.3 Viscoelasticity [Seite 111]
7.4 - 4.4 Dynamic Experiments [Seite 115]
7.5 - 4.5 Energy Considerations [Seite 119]
7.6 - 4.6 Motion of a Suspended Mass [Seite 121]
7.7 - 4.7 Experimental Techniques [Seite 125]
7.7.1 - 4.7.1 Forced Nonresonance Vibration [Seite 125]
7.7.2 - 4.7.2 Forced Resonance Vibration [Seite 125]
7.7.3 - 4.7.3 Free Vibration Methods [Seite 126]
7.7.4 - 4.7.4 Rebound Resilience [Seite 126]
7.7.5 - 4.7.5 Effect of Static and Dynamic Strain Levels [Seite 127]
7.8 - 4.8 Application of Dynamic Mechanical Measurements [Seite 127]
7.8.1 - 4.8.1 Heat Generation in Rubber Components [Seite 127]
7.8.2 - 4.8.2 Vibration Isolation [Seite 128]
7.8.3 - 4.8.3 Shock Absorbers [Seite 128]
7.9 - 4.9 Effects of Temperature and Frequency [Seite 129]
7.10 - 4.10 Thixotropic Effects in Filled Rubber Compounds [Seite 133]
7.11 - Acknowledgments. [Seite 135]
7.12 - References. [Seite 135]
7.13 - Problems for Chapter.4. [Seite 135]
7.14 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.4. [Seite 136]
8 - 5Strength [Seite 138]
8.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 138]
8.2 - 5.2 Fracture Mechanics [Seite 138]
8.2.1 - 5.2.1 Analysis of the Test Pieces [Seite 141]
8.2.2 - 5.2.2 The Strain Energy Concentration at a Crack Tip [Seite 142]
8.3 - 5.3 Tear Behavior [Seite 144]
8.4 - 5.4 Crack Growth under Repeated Loading [Seite 150]
8.4.1 - 5.4.1 The Fatigue Limit and the Effect of Ozone [Seite 151]
8.4.2 - 5.4.2 Physical Interpretation of G0 [Seite 152]
8.4.3 - 5.4.3 Effects of Type of Elastomer and Filler [Seite 154]
8.4.4 - 5.4.4 Effect of Oxygen [Seite 154]
8.4.5 - 5.4.5 Effects of Frequency and Temperature [Seite 156]
8.4.6 - 5.4.6 Nonrelaxing Effects [Seite 156]
8.4.7 - 5.4.7 Time-Dependent Failure [Seite 157]
8.5 - 5.5 Ozone Attack [Seite 157]
8.6 - 5.6 Tensile Strength [Seite 161]
8.7 - 5.7 Crack Growth in Shear and Compression [Seite 163]
8.8 - 5.8 Cavitation and Related Failures [Seite 166]
8.9 - 5.9 Conclusions [Seite 167]
8.10 - References. [Seite 168]
8.11 - Problems for Chapter.5. [Seite 171]
8.12 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.5. [Seite 172]
9 - 6Mechanical Fatigue [Seite 178]
9.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 178]
9.2 - 6.2 Application of Fracture Mechanics to Mechanical Fatigue of Rubber [Seite 180]
9.3 - 6.3 Initiation and Propagation of Cracks [Seite 182]
9.3.1 - 6.3.1 Fatigue Crack Initiation [Seite 182]
9.3.2 - 6.3.2 Fatigue Life and Crack Growth [Seite 183]
9.3.3 - 6.3.3 Fatigue Crack Propagation: The Fatigue Crack Growth Characteristic [Seite 185]
9.3.4 - 6.3.4 Fatigue Life Determinations from the Crack Growth Characteristics [Seite 187]
9.4 - 6.4 Fatigue Crack Growth Test Methodology [Seite 189]
9.4.1 - 6.4.1 Experimental Determination of Dynamic Tearing Energies for Fatigue Crack Propagation [Seite 189]
9.4.2 - 6.4.2 Kinetics of Crack Growth [Seite 190]
9.4.3 - 6.4.3 Effects of Test Variables on Fatigue Crack Growth Characteristics and Dynamic Fatigue Life [Seite 191]
9.4.3.1 - 6.4.3.1 Waveform [Seite 191]
9.4.3.2 - 6.4.3.2 Frequency [Seite 191]
9.4.3.3 - 6.4.3.3 Temperature [Seite 191]
9.4.3.4 - 6.4.3.4 Static Strain/Stress [Seite 193]
9.5 - 6.5 Material Variables and Their Effect on Fatigue Crack Growth [Seite 195]
9.5.1 - 6.5.1 Reinforcing Fillers and Compound Modulus [Seite 195]
9.5.2 - 6.5.2 Elastomer Type [Seite 197]
9.5.3 - 6.5.3 Vulcanizing System [Seite 198]
9.5.4 - 6.5.3 Fatigue of Double Network Elastomers and Blends [Seite 200]
9.6 - 6.6 Fatigue and Crack Growth of Rubber under Biaxial Stresses and Multiaxial Loading [Seite 201]
9.7 - 6.7 Fatigue in Rubber Composites [Seite 203]
9.7.1 - 6.7.1 Effect of Wires, Cords, and Their Spacing on Fatigue Crack Propagation [Seite 204]
9.7.2 - 6.7.2 Effect of Minimum Strain or Stress [Seite 204]
9.7.3 - 6.7.3 Comparison of S-N Curve and Fatigue Crack Propagation Constants for Rubber-Wire Composites [53] [Seite 206]
9.7.4 - 6.7.4 Fatigue of Two-Ply Rubber-Cord Laminates [Seite 207]
9.8 - 6.8 Fatigue Cracking of Rubber in Compression and Shear Applications [Seite 208]
9.8.1 - 6.8.1 Crack Growth in Compression [Seite 208]
9.8.2 - 6.8.2 Crack Growth in Shear [Seite 211]
9.9 - 6.9 Environmental Effects [Seite 212]
9.10 - 6.10 Modeling and Life Predictions of Elastomeric Components [Seite 213]
9.11 - 6.11 Fatigue Crack Propagation of Thermoplastic Elastomers [Seite 213]
9.12 - 6.12 Durability of Thermoplastic Elastomers [Seite 214]
9.13 - 6.13 Summary [Seite 216]
9.14 - Acknowledgments. [Seite 217]
9.15 - References. [Seite 217]
9.16 - Problems for Chapter.6. [Seite 219]
9.17 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.6. [Seite 220]
10 - 7Durability [Seite 224]
10.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 224]
10.2 - 7.2 Creep, Stress Relaxation, and Set [Seite 226]
10.2.1 - 7.2.1 Creep [Seite 227]
10.2.2 - 7.2.2 Stress Relaxation [Seite 227]
10.2.3 - 7.2.3 Physical Relaxation [Seite 228]
10.2.4 - 7.2.4 Chemical Relaxation [Seite 230]
10.2.5 - 7.2.5 Compression Set and Recovery [Seite 230]
10.2.6 - 7.2.6 Case History Study [Seite 232]
10.3 - 7.3 Longevity of Elastomers in Air [Seite 233]
10.3.1 - 7.3.1 Durability at Ambient Temperatures [Seite 233]
10.3.2 - 7.3.2 Sunlight and Weathering [Seite 234]
10.3.3 - 7.3.3 Ozone Cracking [Seite 234]
10.3.4 - 7.3.4 Structural Bearings: Case Histories [Seite 235]
10.3.4.1 - 7.3.4.1 Natural Rubber Pads for a Rail Viaduct after 100.Years of Service [Seite 235]
10.3.4.2 - 7.3.4.2 Laminated Bridge Bearings after 20 Years of Service [Seite 236]
10.4 - 7.4 Effect of Low Temperatures [Seite 239]
10.4.1 - 7.4.1 Glass Transition [Seite 239]
10.4.2 - 7.4.2 Crystallization [Seite 240]
10.5 - 7.5 Effect of Elevated Temperatures [Seite 241]
10.6 - 7.6 Effect of Fluid Environments [Seite 243]
10.6.1 - 7.6.1 Aqueous Liquids [Seite 248]
10.6.2 - 7.6.2 Hydrocarbon Liquids [Seite 251]
10.6.3 - 7.6.3 Hydrocarbon and Other Gases [Seite 254]
10.6.3.1 - 7.6.3.1 Pressurized CO2 for Assessing Interface Quality in Bonded Rubber/Rubber Systems [Seite 259]
10.6.4 - 7.6.4 Effects of Temperature and Chemical Fluid Attack [Seite 259]
10.6.5 - 7.6.5 Effect of Radiation [Seite 261]
10.7 - 7.7 Durability of Rubber-Metal Bonds [Seite 262]
10.7.1 - 7.7.1 Adhesion Tests [Seite 262]
10.7.2 - 7.7.2 Rubber-Metal Adhesive Systems [Seite 264]
10.7.3 - 7.7.3 Durability in Salt Water: Role of Electrochemical Potentials [Seite 265]
10.8 - 7.8 Life Prediction Methodology [Seite 267]
10.9 - Acknowledgment. [Seite 270]
10.10 - References. [Seite 270]
10.11 - Problems for Chapter.7. [Seite 272]
10.12 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.7. [Seite 275]
11 - 8Design of Components [Seite 278]
11.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 278]
11.2 - 8.2 Shear and Compression Bearings [Seite 280]
11.2.1 - 8.2.1 Planar Sandwich Forms [Seite 280]
11.2.2 - 8.2.2 Laminate Bearings [Seite 286]
11.2.3 - 8.2.3 Tube Form Bearings and Mountings [Seite 288]
11.2.4 - 8.2.4 Effective Shape Factors [Seite 293]
11.3 - 8.3 Vibration and Noise Control [Seite 294]
11.3.1 - 8.3.1 Vibration Background Information [Seite 295]
11.3.2 - 8.3.2 Design Requirements [Seite 297]
11.3.3 - 8.3.3 Sample Problems [Seite 297]
11.4 - 8.4 Practical Design Guidelines [Seite 306]
11.5 - 8.5 Summary and Acknowledgments [Seite 307]
11.6 - Nomenclature. [Seite 308]
11.7 - References. [Seite 309]
11.8 - Problems for Chapter.8. [Seite 309]
11.9 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.8. [Seite 310]
12 - 9aFinite Element Analysis [Seite 314]
12.1 - 9a.1 Introduction [Seite 314]
12.2 - 9a.2 Material Specification [Seite 316]
12.2.1 - 9a.2.1 Metal [Seite 316]
12.2.2 - 9a.2.2 Elastomers [Seite 317]
12.2.2.1 - 9a.2.2.1 Linear [Seite 317]
12.2.2.2 - 9a.2.2.2 Non-Linear [Seite 322]
12.2.2.2.1 - 9a.2.2.2.1 Non-Linear Characteristics [Seite 322]
12.2.2.2.2 - 9a.2.2.2.2 Non-Linear Material Models [Seite 322]
12.2.2.2.3 - 9a.2.2.2.3 Obtaining Material Data [Seite 323]
12.2.2.2.4 - 9a.2.2.2.4 Obtaining the Coefficients [Seite 328]
12.2.2.2.5 - 9a.2.2.2.5 Mooney-Rivlin Material Coefficients [Seite 329]
12.2.3 - 9a.2.3 Elastomer Material Model Correlation [Seite 330]
12.2.3.1 - 9a.2.3.1 ASTM.412 Tensile Correlation [Seite 330]
12.2.3.2 - 9a.2.3.2 Pure Shear Correlation [Seite 331]
12.2.3.3 - 9a.2.3.3 Bi-Axial Correlation [Seite 331]
12.2.3.4 - 9a.2.3.4 Simple Shear Correlation [Seite 331]
12.3 - 9a.3 Terminology and Verification [Seite 332]
12.3.1 - 9a.3.1 Terminology [Seite 332]
12.3.2 - 9a.3.2 Types of FEA Models [Seite 333]
12.3.3 - 9a.3.3 Model Building [Seite 334]
12.3.4 - 9a.3.4 Boundary Conditions [Seite 336]
12.3.5 - 9a.3.5 Solution [Seite 337]
12.3.5.1 - 9a.3.5.1 Tangent Stiffness [Seite 337]
12.3.5.2 - 9a.3.5.2 Newton-Raphson [Seite 338]
12.3.5.3 - 9a.3.5.3 Non-Linear Material Behavior [Seite 338]
12.3.5.4 - 9a.3.5.4 Viscoelasticity (See Chapter.4) [Seite 338]
12.3.5.5 - 9a.3.5.5 Model Verification [Seite 339]
12.3.6 - 9a.3.6 Results [Seite 339]
12.3.7 - 9a.3.7 Linear Verification [Seite 341]
12.3.8 - 9a.3.8 Classical Verification - Non-Linear [Seite 342]
12.4 - 9a.4 Example Applications [Seite 344]
12.4.1 - 9a.4.1 Positive Drive Timing Belt [Seite 344]
12.4.2 - 9a.4.2 Dock Fender [Seite 345]
12.4.3 - 9a.4.3 Rubber Boot [Seite 348]
12.4.4 - 9a.4.4 Bumper Design [Seite 350]
12.4.5 - 9a.4.5 Laminated Bearing [Seite 352]
12.4.6 - 9a.4.6 Down Hole Packer [Seite 354]
12.4.7 - 9a.4.7 Bonded Sandwich Mount [Seite 356]
12.4.8 - 9a.4.8 O-Ring [Seite 358]
12.4.9 - 9a.4.9 Elastomer Hose Model [Seite 358]
12.4.10 - 9a.4.10 Sample Belt [Seite 359]
12.5 - References. [Seite 361]
13 - 9b Developments in Finite Element Analysis [Seite 364]
13.1 - 9b.1 Introduction [Seite 364]
13.2 - 9b.2 Material Models [Seite 364]
13.2.1 - 9b.2.1 Hyperelastic Models [Seite 365]
13.2.2 - 9b.2.2 Compressibility [Seite 369]
13.2.3 - 9b.2.3 Deviations from Hyperelasticity [Seite 370]
13.2.3.1 - 9b.2.3.1 Viscoelasticity [Seite 370]
13.2.3.2 - 9b.2.3.2 Stress-Softening [Seite 371]
13.3 - 9b.3 FEA Modelling Techniques [Seite 372]
13.3.1 - 9b.3.1 Pre- and Post-Processing [Seite 372]
13.3.2 - 9b.3.2 Choice of Elements [Seite 373]
13.3.3 - 9b.3.3 Convergence [Seite 374]
13.3.4 - 9b.3.4 Fracture Mechanics [Seite 375]
13.4 - 9b.4 Verification [Seite 375]
13.4.1 - 9b.4.1 Stresses and Strains [Seite 376]
13.4.2 - 9b.4.2 Tearing Energy [Seite 377]
13.5 - 9b.5 Applications [Seite 378]
13.5.1 - 9b.5.1 Load Deflection [Seite 378]
13.5.2 - 9b.5.2 Failure [Seite 379]
13.6 - References. [Seite 381]
14 - 10Tests and Specifications [Seite 384]
14.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 384]
14.1.1 - 10.1.1 Standard Test Methods [Seite 384]
14.1.2 - 10.1.2 Purpose of Testing [Seite 385]
14.1.3 - 10.1.3 Test Piece Preparation [Seite 385]
14.1.4 - 10.1.4 Time Between Vulcanization and Testing [Seite 386]
14.1.5 - 10.1.5 Scope of This Chapter [Seite 386]
14.2 - 10.2 Measurement of Design Parameters [Seite 386]
14.2.1 - 10.2.1 Young's Modulus [Seite 387]
14.2.2 - 10.2.2 Shear Modulus [Seite 389]
14.2.3 - 10.2.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation [Seite 391]
14.2.3.1 - 10.2.3.1 Creep [Seite 392]
14.2.3.2 - 10.2.3.2 Stress Relaxation [Seite 393]
14.3 - 10.3 Quality Control Tests [Seite 393]
14.3.1 - 10.3.1 Hardness [Seite 394]
14.3.1.1 - 10.3.1.1 Durometer [Seite 394]
14.3.1.2 - 10.3.1.2 International Rubber Hardness Tester [Seite 395]
14.3.2 - 10.3.2 Tensile Properties [Seite 397]
14.3.3 - 10.3.3 Compression Set [Seite 399]
14.3.4 - 10.3.4 Accelerated Aging [Seite 400]
14.3.4.1 - 10.3.4.1 Aging in an Air Oven [Seite 400]
14.3.4.2 - 10.3.4.2 Ozone Cracking [Seite 401]
14.3.5 - 10.3.5 Liquid Resistance [Seite 403]
14.3.5.1 - 10.3.5.1 Factors in Swelling [Seite 403]
14.3.5.2 - 10.3.5.2 Swelling Tests [Seite 404]
14.3.6 - 10.3.6 Adhesion to Substrates [Seite 404]
14.3.7 - 10.3.7 Processability [Seite 407]
14.4 - 10.4 Dynamic Properties [Seite 409]
14.4.1 - 10.4.1 Resilience [Seite 411]
14.4.2 - 10.4.2 Yerzley Oscillograph [Seite 412]
14.4.3 - 10.4.3 Resonant Beam [Seite 413]
14.4.4 - 10.4.4 Servohydraulic Testers [Seite 414]
14.4.5 - 10.4.5 Electrodynamic Testers [Seite 415]
14.4.6 - 10.4.6 Preferred Test Conditions [Seite 416]
14.5 - 10.5 Tests for Tires [Seite 416]
14.5.1 - 10.5.1 Bead Unseating Resistance [Seite 417]
14.5.2 - 10.5.2 Tire Strength [Seite 418]
14.5.3 - 10.5.3 Tire Endurance [Seite 419]
14.5.4 - 10.5.4 High Speed Performance [Seite 419]
14.6 - 10.6 Specifications [Seite 420]
14.6.1 - 10.6.1 Classification System [Seite 420]
14.6.1.1 - 10.6.1.1 Type [Seite 421]
14.6.1.2 - 10.6.1.2 Class [Seite 422]
14.6.1.3 - 10.6.1.3 Further Description [Seite 422]
14.6.2 - 10.6.2 Tolerances [Seite 425]
14.6.2.1 - 10.6.2.1 Molded Products [Seite 425]
14.6.2.2 - 10.6.2.2 Extruded Products [Seite 427]
14.6.2.3 - 10.6.2.3 Load-Deflection Characteristics [Seite 427]
14.6.3 - 10.6.3 Rubber Bridge Bearings [Seite 428]
14.6.3.1 - 10.6.3.1 Function [Seite 428]
14.6.3.2 - 10.6.3.2 Design Code [Seite 429]
14.6.3.3 - 10.6.3.3 Materials Specification [Seite 430]
14.6.4 - 10.6.4 Pipe Sealing Rings [Seite 432]
14.6.4.1 - 10.6.4.1 Function [Seite 432]
14.6.4.2 - 10.6.4.2 Materials [Seite 432]
14.6.4.3 - 10.6.4.3 Tensile Properties [Seite 432]
14.6.4.4 - 10.6.4.4 Compression Set [Seite 433]
14.6.4.5 - 10.6.4.5 Low Temperature Flexibility [Seite 433]
14.6.4.6 - 10.6.4.6 Oven Aging [Seite 434]
14.6.4.7 - 10.6.4.7 Oil Resistance [Seite 434]
14.6.4.8 - 10.6.4.8 Closing Remarks [Seite 434]
14.7 - References. [Seite 435]
14.8 - Problems for Chapter.10. [Seite 438]
14.9 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.10. [Seite 439]
15 - Appendix: Tables of Physical Constants [Seite 442]
16 - Index [Seite 446]
2 - Preface to Third Edition [Seite 16]
3 - Authors [Seite 18]
4 - 1Introduction [Seite 20]
4.1 - 1.1 Rubber in Engineering [Seite 20]
4.2 - 1.2 Elastomers [Seite 21]
4.3 - 1.3 Dynamic Application [Seite 22]
4.4 - 1.4 General Design Principles [Seite 22]
4.5 - 1.5 Thermal Expansivity, Pressure, and Swelling [Seite 23]
4.6 - 1.6 Specific Applications and Operating Principles [Seite 24]
4.7 - 1.7 Seal Life [Seite 27]
4.8 - 1.8 Seal Friction [Seite 27]
4.9 - Acknowledgments. [Seite 28]
4.10 - References. [Seite 28]
5 - 2Materials and Compounds [Seite 30]
5.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 30]
5.2 - 2.2 Elastomer Types [Seite 31]
5.2.1 - 2.2.1 General Purpose [Seite 31]
5.2.1.1 - 2.2.1.1 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) [Seite 31]
5.2.1.2 - 2.2.1.2 Polyisoprene (NR, IR) [Seite 32]
5.2.1.3 - 2.2.1.3 Polybutadiene (BR) [Seite 33]
5.2.2 - 2.2.2 Specialty Elastomers [Seite 33]
5.2.2.1 - 2.2.2.1 Polychloroprene (CR) [Seite 33]
5.2.2.2 - 2.2.2.2 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR) [Seite 34]
5.2.2.3 - 2.2.2.3 Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (HNBR) [Seite 34]
5.2.2.4 - 2.2.2.4 Butyl Rubber (IIR) [Seite 34]
5.2.2.5 - 2.2.2.5 Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPR, EPDM) [Seite 34]
5.2.2.6 - 2.2.2.6 Silicone Rubber (MQ, VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ) [Seite 35]
5.2.2.7 - 2.2.2.7 Polysulfide Rubber (T) [Seite 35]
5.2.2.8 - 2.2.2.8 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM) [Seite 35]
5.2.2.9 - 2.2.2.9 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM) [Seite 35]
5.2.2.10 - 2.2.2.10 Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Rubber (AEM) [Seite 36]
5.2.2.11 - 2.2.2.11 Acrylic Rubber (ACM) [Seite 36]
5.2.2.12 - 2.2.2.12 Fluorocarbon Rubbers [Seite 36]
5.2.2.13 - 2.2.2.13 Epichlorohydrin Rubber (CO, ECO) [Seite 36]
5.2.2.14 - 2.2.2.14 Urethane Rubber [Seite 36]
5.3 - 2.3 Compounding [Seite 37]
5.3.1 - 2.3.1 Vulcanization and Curing [Seite 37]
5.3.1.1 - 2.3.1.1 Sulfur Curing [Seite 37]
5.3.1.2 - 2.3.1.2 Determination of Crosslink Density [Seite 40]
5.3.1.3 - 2.3.1.3 Influence of Crosslink Density [Seite 41]
5.3.1.4 - 2.3.1.4 Other Cure Systems [Seite 42]
5.3.2 - 2.3.2 Reinforcement [Seite 42]
5.3.3 - 2.3.3 Anti-Degradants [Seite 44]
5.3.3.1 - 2.3.3.1 Ozone Attack [Seite 45]
5.3.3.2 - 2.3.3.2 Oxidation [Seite 45]
5.3.4 - 2.3.4 Process Aids [Seite 47]
5.3.5 - 2.3.5 Extenders [Seite 48]
5.3.6 - 2.3.6 Tackifiers [Seite 48]
5.4 - 2.4 Typical Rubber Compositions [Seite 49]
5.5 - Acknowledgment. [Seite 53]
5.6 - References. [Seite 53]
5.7 - Problems for Chapter.2. [Seite 54]
5.8 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.2. [Seite 54]
6 - 3Elasticity [Seite 56]
6.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 56]
6.2 - 3.2 Elastic Properties at Small Strains [Seite 57]
6.2.1 - 3.2.1 Elastic Constants [Seite 57]
6.2.2 - 3.2.2 Relation Between Shear Modulus G and Composition [Seite 60]
6.2.3 - 3.2.3 Stiffness of Components [Seite 63]
6.2.3.1 - 3.2.3.1 Choice of Shear Modulus [Seite 63]
6.2.3.2 - 3.2.3.2 Shear Deformations of Bonded Blocks and Hollow Cylindrical Tubes [Seite 64]
6.2.3.3 - 3.2.3.3 Small Compressions or Extensions of Bonded Blocks [Seite 66]
6.2.3.4 - 3.2.3.4 Compression of Blocks Between Frictional Surfaces [Seite 69]
6.2.3.5 - 3.2.3.5 Maximum Allowable Loads in Tension and Compression [Seite 71]
6.2.3.6 - 3.2.3.6 Indentation of Rubber Blocks by Rigid Indentors [Seite 72]
6.2.3.7 - 3.2.3.7 Compression of O-rings [Seite 74]
6.2.3.8 - 3.2.3.8 Protrusion of Rubber Through a Hole or Slit [Seite 74]
6.3 - 3.3 Large Deformations [Seite 75]
6.3.1 - 3.3.1 General Theory of Large Elastic Deformations [Seite 75]
6.3.2 - 3.3.2 Forms for W Valid at Large Strains [Seite 77]
6.3.3 - 3.3.3 Stress-Strain Relations in Selected Cases [Seite 78]
6.3.3.1 - 3.3.3.1 Simple Extension [Seite 78]
6.3.3.2 - 3.3.3.2 Equibiaxial Stretching [Seite 80]
6.3.3.3 - 3.3.3.3 Constrained Tension (Pure Shear) [Seite 80]
6.3.4 - 3.3.4 Determining the Strain Energy Function W [Seite 82]
6.3.4.1 - 3.3.4.1 Elastic Behavior of Filled Rubber Vulcanizates [Seite 84]
6.3.4.2 - 3.3.4.2 Does Any Strain Energy Function Apply? [Seite 86]
6.3.5 - 3.3.5 Other Stress-Strain Relations Valid at Large Strains [Seite 86]
6.3.5.1 - 3.3.5.1 Simple Shear [Seite 86]
6.3.5.2 - 3.3.5.2 Torsion [Seite 89]
6.3.5.3 - 3.3.5.3 Instability in Torsion [Seite 91]
6.3.5.4 - 3.3.5.4 Inflation of a Thin-Walled Tube [58] [Seite 92]
6.3.5.5 - 3.3.5.5 Inflation of a Spherical Shell (Balloon) [Seite 93]
6.3.5.6 - 3.3.5.6 Inflation of a Spherical Cavity [Seite 95]
6.3.5.7 - 3.3.5.7 Surface Creasing in Compression [Seite 96]
6.4 - 3.4 Molecular Theory of Rubber Elasticity [Seite 97]
6.4.1 - 3.4.1 Elastic Behavior of a Molecular Network [Seite 97]
6.4.2 - 3.4.3 Effective Density of Network Strands [Seite 100]
6.4.3 - 3.4.4 The Second Term in the Strain Energy Function [Seite 101]
6.4.4 - 3.4.5 Concluding Remarks on Molecular Theories [Seite 102]
6.5 - Acknowledgments. [Seite 103]
6.6 - References. [Seite 103]
6.7 - Problems for Chapter.3. [Seite 106]
6.8 - Answers to Selected Problems for Chapter.3. [Seite 107]
7 - 4Dynamic Mechanical Properties [Seite 108]
7.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 108]
7.2 - 4.2 Stress Waves in Rubbery Solids, Transit Times, and Speeds of Retraction [Seite 109]
7.3 - 4.3 Viscoelasticity [Seite 111]
7.4 - 4.4 Dynamic Experiments [Seite 115]
7.5 - 4.5 Energy Considerations [Seite 119]
7.6 - 4.6 Motion of a Suspended Mass [Seite 121]
7.7 - 4.7 Experimental Techniques [Seite 125]
7.7.1 - 4.7.1 Forced Nonresonance Vibration [Seite 125]
7.7.2 - 4.7.2 Forced Resonance Vibration [Seite 125]
7.7.3 - 4.7.3 Free Vibration Methods [Seite 126]
7.7.4 - 4.7.4 Rebound Resilience [Seite 126]
7.7.5 - 4.7.5 Effect of Static and Dynamic Strain Levels [Seite 127]
7.8 - 4.8 Application of Dynamic Mechanical Measurements [Seite 127]
7.8.1 - 4.8.1 Heat Generation in Rubber Components [Seite 127]
7.8.2 - 4.8.2 Vibration Isolation [Seite 128]
7.8.3 - 4.8.3 Shock Absorbers [Seite 128]
7.9 - 4.9 Effects of Temperature and Frequency [Seite 129]
7.10 - 4.10 Thixotropic Effects in Filled Rubber Compounds [Seite 133]
7.11 - Acknowledgments. [Seite 135]
7.12 - References. [Seite 135]
7.13 - Problems for Chapter.4. [Seite 135]
7.14 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.4. [Seite 136]
8 - 5Strength [Seite 138]
8.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 138]
8.2 - 5.2 Fracture Mechanics [Seite 138]
8.2.1 - 5.2.1 Analysis of the Test Pieces [Seite 141]
8.2.2 - 5.2.2 The Strain Energy Concentration at a Crack Tip [Seite 142]
8.3 - 5.3 Tear Behavior [Seite 144]
8.4 - 5.4 Crack Growth under Repeated Loading [Seite 150]
8.4.1 - 5.4.1 The Fatigue Limit and the Effect of Ozone [Seite 151]
8.4.2 - 5.4.2 Physical Interpretation of G0 [Seite 152]
8.4.3 - 5.4.3 Effects of Type of Elastomer and Filler [Seite 154]
8.4.4 - 5.4.4 Effect of Oxygen [Seite 154]
8.4.5 - 5.4.5 Effects of Frequency and Temperature [Seite 156]
8.4.6 - 5.4.6 Nonrelaxing Effects [Seite 156]
8.4.7 - 5.4.7 Time-Dependent Failure [Seite 157]
8.5 - 5.5 Ozone Attack [Seite 157]
8.6 - 5.6 Tensile Strength [Seite 161]
8.7 - 5.7 Crack Growth in Shear and Compression [Seite 163]
8.8 - 5.8 Cavitation and Related Failures [Seite 166]
8.9 - 5.9 Conclusions [Seite 167]
8.10 - References. [Seite 168]
8.11 - Problems for Chapter.5. [Seite 171]
8.12 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.5. [Seite 172]
9 - 6Mechanical Fatigue [Seite 178]
9.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 178]
9.2 - 6.2 Application of Fracture Mechanics to Mechanical Fatigue of Rubber [Seite 180]
9.3 - 6.3 Initiation and Propagation of Cracks [Seite 182]
9.3.1 - 6.3.1 Fatigue Crack Initiation [Seite 182]
9.3.2 - 6.3.2 Fatigue Life and Crack Growth [Seite 183]
9.3.3 - 6.3.3 Fatigue Crack Propagation: The Fatigue Crack Growth Characteristic [Seite 185]
9.3.4 - 6.3.4 Fatigue Life Determinations from the Crack Growth Characteristics [Seite 187]
9.4 - 6.4 Fatigue Crack Growth Test Methodology [Seite 189]
9.4.1 - 6.4.1 Experimental Determination of Dynamic Tearing Energies for Fatigue Crack Propagation [Seite 189]
9.4.2 - 6.4.2 Kinetics of Crack Growth [Seite 190]
9.4.3 - 6.4.3 Effects of Test Variables on Fatigue Crack Growth Characteristics and Dynamic Fatigue Life [Seite 191]
9.4.3.1 - 6.4.3.1 Waveform [Seite 191]
9.4.3.2 - 6.4.3.2 Frequency [Seite 191]
9.4.3.3 - 6.4.3.3 Temperature [Seite 191]
9.4.3.4 - 6.4.3.4 Static Strain/Stress [Seite 193]
9.5 - 6.5 Material Variables and Their Effect on Fatigue Crack Growth [Seite 195]
9.5.1 - 6.5.1 Reinforcing Fillers and Compound Modulus [Seite 195]
9.5.2 - 6.5.2 Elastomer Type [Seite 197]
9.5.3 - 6.5.3 Vulcanizing System [Seite 198]
9.5.4 - 6.5.3 Fatigue of Double Network Elastomers and Blends [Seite 200]
9.6 - 6.6 Fatigue and Crack Growth of Rubber under Biaxial Stresses and Multiaxial Loading [Seite 201]
9.7 - 6.7 Fatigue in Rubber Composites [Seite 203]
9.7.1 - 6.7.1 Effect of Wires, Cords, and Their Spacing on Fatigue Crack Propagation [Seite 204]
9.7.2 - 6.7.2 Effect of Minimum Strain or Stress [Seite 204]
9.7.3 - 6.7.3 Comparison of S-N Curve and Fatigue Crack Propagation Constants for Rubber-Wire Composites [53] [Seite 206]
9.7.4 - 6.7.4 Fatigue of Two-Ply Rubber-Cord Laminates [Seite 207]
9.8 - 6.8 Fatigue Cracking of Rubber in Compression and Shear Applications [Seite 208]
9.8.1 - 6.8.1 Crack Growth in Compression [Seite 208]
9.8.2 - 6.8.2 Crack Growth in Shear [Seite 211]
9.9 - 6.9 Environmental Effects [Seite 212]
9.10 - 6.10 Modeling and Life Predictions of Elastomeric Components [Seite 213]
9.11 - 6.11 Fatigue Crack Propagation of Thermoplastic Elastomers [Seite 213]
9.12 - 6.12 Durability of Thermoplastic Elastomers [Seite 214]
9.13 - 6.13 Summary [Seite 216]
9.14 - Acknowledgments. [Seite 217]
9.15 - References. [Seite 217]
9.16 - Problems for Chapter.6. [Seite 219]
9.17 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.6. [Seite 220]
10 - 7Durability [Seite 224]
10.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 224]
10.2 - 7.2 Creep, Stress Relaxation, and Set [Seite 226]
10.2.1 - 7.2.1 Creep [Seite 227]
10.2.2 - 7.2.2 Stress Relaxation [Seite 227]
10.2.3 - 7.2.3 Physical Relaxation [Seite 228]
10.2.4 - 7.2.4 Chemical Relaxation [Seite 230]
10.2.5 - 7.2.5 Compression Set and Recovery [Seite 230]
10.2.6 - 7.2.6 Case History Study [Seite 232]
10.3 - 7.3 Longevity of Elastomers in Air [Seite 233]
10.3.1 - 7.3.1 Durability at Ambient Temperatures [Seite 233]
10.3.2 - 7.3.2 Sunlight and Weathering [Seite 234]
10.3.3 - 7.3.3 Ozone Cracking [Seite 234]
10.3.4 - 7.3.4 Structural Bearings: Case Histories [Seite 235]
10.3.4.1 - 7.3.4.1 Natural Rubber Pads for a Rail Viaduct after 100.Years of Service [Seite 235]
10.3.4.2 - 7.3.4.2 Laminated Bridge Bearings after 20 Years of Service [Seite 236]
10.4 - 7.4 Effect of Low Temperatures [Seite 239]
10.4.1 - 7.4.1 Glass Transition [Seite 239]
10.4.2 - 7.4.2 Crystallization [Seite 240]
10.5 - 7.5 Effect of Elevated Temperatures [Seite 241]
10.6 - 7.6 Effect of Fluid Environments [Seite 243]
10.6.1 - 7.6.1 Aqueous Liquids [Seite 248]
10.6.2 - 7.6.2 Hydrocarbon Liquids [Seite 251]
10.6.3 - 7.6.3 Hydrocarbon and Other Gases [Seite 254]
10.6.3.1 - 7.6.3.1 Pressurized CO2 for Assessing Interface Quality in Bonded Rubber/Rubber Systems [Seite 259]
10.6.4 - 7.6.4 Effects of Temperature and Chemical Fluid Attack [Seite 259]
10.6.5 - 7.6.5 Effect of Radiation [Seite 261]
10.7 - 7.7 Durability of Rubber-Metal Bonds [Seite 262]
10.7.1 - 7.7.1 Adhesion Tests [Seite 262]
10.7.2 - 7.7.2 Rubber-Metal Adhesive Systems [Seite 264]
10.7.3 - 7.7.3 Durability in Salt Water: Role of Electrochemical Potentials [Seite 265]
10.8 - 7.8 Life Prediction Methodology [Seite 267]
10.9 - Acknowledgment. [Seite 270]
10.10 - References. [Seite 270]
10.11 - Problems for Chapter.7. [Seite 272]
10.12 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.7. [Seite 275]
11 - 8Design of Components [Seite 278]
11.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 278]
11.2 - 8.2 Shear and Compression Bearings [Seite 280]
11.2.1 - 8.2.1 Planar Sandwich Forms [Seite 280]
11.2.2 - 8.2.2 Laminate Bearings [Seite 286]
11.2.3 - 8.2.3 Tube Form Bearings and Mountings [Seite 288]
11.2.4 - 8.2.4 Effective Shape Factors [Seite 293]
11.3 - 8.3 Vibration and Noise Control [Seite 294]
11.3.1 - 8.3.1 Vibration Background Information [Seite 295]
11.3.2 - 8.3.2 Design Requirements [Seite 297]
11.3.3 - 8.3.3 Sample Problems [Seite 297]
11.4 - 8.4 Practical Design Guidelines [Seite 306]
11.5 - 8.5 Summary and Acknowledgments [Seite 307]
11.6 - Nomenclature. [Seite 308]
11.7 - References. [Seite 309]
11.8 - Problems for Chapter.8. [Seite 309]
11.9 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.8. [Seite 310]
12 - 9aFinite Element Analysis [Seite 314]
12.1 - 9a.1 Introduction [Seite 314]
12.2 - 9a.2 Material Specification [Seite 316]
12.2.1 - 9a.2.1 Metal [Seite 316]
12.2.2 - 9a.2.2 Elastomers [Seite 317]
12.2.2.1 - 9a.2.2.1 Linear [Seite 317]
12.2.2.2 - 9a.2.2.2 Non-Linear [Seite 322]
12.2.2.2.1 - 9a.2.2.2.1 Non-Linear Characteristics [Seite 322]
12.2.2.2.2 - 9a.2.2.2.2 Non-Linear Material Models [Seite 322]
12.2.2.2.3 - 9a.2.2.2.3 Obtaining Material Data [Seite 323]
12.2.2.2.4 - 9a.2.2.2.4 Obtaining the Coefficients [Seite 328]
12.2.2.2.5 - 9a.2.2.2.5 Mooney-Rivlin Material Coefficients [Seite 329]
12.2.3 - 9a.2.3 Elastomer Material Model Correlation [Seite 330]
12.2.3.1 - 9a.2.3.1 ASTM.412 Tensile Correlation [Seite 330]
12.2.3.2 - 9a.2.3.2 Pure Shear Correlation [Seite 331]
12.2.3.3 - 9a.2.3.3 Bi-Axial Correlation [Seite 331]
12.2.3.4 - 9a.2.3.4 Simple Shear Correlation [Seite 331]
12.3 - 9a.3 Terminology and Verification [Seite 332]
12.3.1 - 9a.3.1 Terminology [Seite 332]
12.3.2 - 9a.3.2 Types of FEA Models [Seite 333]
12.3.3 - 9a.3.3 Model Building [Seite 334]
12.3.4 - 9a.3.4 Boundary Conditions [Seite 336]
12.3.5 - 9a.3.5 Solution [Seite 337]
12.3.5.1 - 9a.3.5.1 Tangent Stiffness [Seite 337]
12.3.5.2 - 9a.3.5.2 Newton-Raphson [Seite 338]
12.3.5.3 - 9a.3.5.3 Non-Linear Material Behavior [Seite 338]
12.3.5.4 - 9a.3.5.4 Viscoelasticity (See Chapter.4) [Seite 338]
12.3.5.5 - 9a.3.5.5 Model Verification [Seite 339]
12.3.6 - 9a.3.6 Results [Seite 339]
12.3.7 - 9a.3.7 Linear Verification [Seite 341]
12.3.8 - 9a.3.8 Classical Verification - Non-Linear [Seite 342]
12.4 - 9a.4 Example Applications [Seite 344]
12.4.1 - 9a.4.1 Positive Drive Timing Belt [Seite 344]
12.4.2 - 9a.4.2 Dock Fender [Seite 345]
12.4.3 - 9a.4.3 Rubber Boot [Seite 348]
12.4.4 - 9a.4.4 Bumper Design [Seite 350]
12.4.5 - 9a.4.5 Laminated Bearing [Seite 352]
12.4.6 - 9a.4.6 Down Hole Packer [Seite 354]
12.4.7 - 9a.4.7 Bonded Sandwich Mount [Seite 356]
12.4.8 - 9a.4.8 O-Ring [Seite 358]
12.4.9 - 9a.4.9 Elastomer Hose Model [Seite 358]
12.4.10 - 9a.4.10 Sample Belt [Seite 359]
12.5 - References. [Seite 361]
13 - 9b Developments in Finite Element Analysis [Seite 364]
13.1 - 9b.1 Introduction [Seite 364]
13.2 - 9b.2 Material Models [Seite 364]
13.2.1 - 9b.2.1 Hyperelastic Models [Seite 365]
13.2.2 - 9b.2.2 Compressibility [Seite 369]
13.2.3 - 9b.2.3 Deviations from Hyperelasticity [Seite 370]
13.2.3.1 - 9b.2.3.1 Viscoelasticity [Seite 370]
13.2.3.2 - 9b.2.3.2 Stress-Softening [Seite 371]
13.3 - 9b.3 FEA Modelling Techniques [Seite 372]
13.3.1 - 9b.3.1 Pre- and Post-Processing [Seite 372]
13.3.2 - 9b.3.2 Choice of Elements [Seite 373]
13.3.3 - 9b.3.3 Convergence [Seite 374]
13.3.4 - 9b.3.4 Fracture Mechanics [Seite 375]
13.4 - 9b.4 Verification [Seite 375]
13.4.1 - 9b.4.1 Stresses and Strains [Seite 376]
13.4.2 - 9b.4.2 Tearing Energy [Seite 377]
13.5 - 9b.5 Applications [Seite 378]
13.5.1 - 9b.5.1 Load Deflection [Seite 378]
13.5.2 - 9b.5.2 Failure [Seite 379]
13.6 - References. [Seite 381]
14 - 10Tests and Specifications [Seite 384]
14.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 384]
14.1.1 - 10.1.1 Standard Test Methods [Seite 384]
14.1.2 - 10.1.2 Purpose of Testing [Seite 385]
14.1.3 - 10.1.3 Test Piece Preparation [Seite 385]
14.1.4 - 10.1.4 Time Between Vulcanization and Testing [Seite 386]
14.1.5 - 10.1.5 Scope of This Chapter [Seite 386]
14.2 - 10.2 Measurement of Design Parameters [Seite 386]
14.2.1 - 10.2.1 Young's Modulus [Seite 387]
14.2.2 - 10.2.2 Shear Modulus [Seite 389]
14.2.3 - 10.2.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation [Seite 391]
14.2.3.1 - 10.2.3.1 Creep [Seite 392]
14.2.3.2 - 10.2.3.2 Stress Relaxation [Seite 393]
14.3 - 10.3 Quality Control Tests [Seite 393]
14.3.1 - 10.3.1 Hardness [Seite 394]
14.3.1.1 - 10.3.1.1 Durometer [Seite 394]
14.3.1.2 - 10.3.1.2 International Rubber Hardness Tester [Seite 395]
14.3.2 - 10.3.2 Tensile Properties [Seite 397]
14.3.3 - 10.3.3 Compression Set [Seite 399]
14.3.4 - 10.3.4 Accelerated Aging [Seite 400]
14.3.4.1 - 10.3.4.1 Aging in an Air Oven [Seite 400]
14.3.4.2 - 10.3.4.2 Ozone Cracking [Seite 401]
14.3.5 - 10.3.5 Liquid Resistance [Seite 403]
14.3.5.1 - 10.3.5.1 Factors in Swelling [Seite 403]
14.3.5.2 - 10.3.5.2 Swelling Tests [Seite 404]
14.3.6 - 10.3.6 Adhesion to Substrates [Seite 404]
14.3.7 - 10.3.7 Processability [Seite 407]
14.4 - 10.4 Dynamic Properties [Seite 409]
14.4.1 - 10.4.1 Resilience [Seite 411]
14.4.2 - 10.4.2 Yerzley Oscillograph [Seite 412]
14.4.3 - 10.4.3 Resonant Beam [Seite 413]
14.4.4 - 10.4.4 Servohydraulic Testers [Seite 414]
14.4.5 - 10.4.5 Electrodynamic Testers [Seite 415]
14.4.6 - 10.4.6 Preferred Test Conditions [Seite 416]
14.5 - 10.5 Tests for Tires [Seite 416]
14.5.1 - 10.5.1 Bead Unseating Resistance [Seite 417]
14.5.2 - 10.5.2 Tire Strength [Seite 418]
14.5.3 - 10.5.3 Tire Endurance [Seite 419]
14.5.4 - 10.5.4 High Speed Performance [Seite 419]
14.6 - 10.6 Specifications [Seite 420]
14.6.1 - 10.6.1 Classification System [Seite 420]
14.6.1.1 - 10.6.1.1 Type [Seite 421]
14.6.1.2 - 10.6.1.2 Class [Seite 422]
14.6.1.3 - 10.6.1.3 Further Description [Seite 422]
14.6.2 - 10.6.2 Tolerances [Seite 425]
14.6.2.1 - 10.6.2.1 Molded Products [Seite 425]
14.6.2.2 - 10.6.2.2 Extruded Products [Seite 427]
14.6.2.3 - 10.6.2.3 Load-Deflection Characteristics [Seite 427]
14.6.3 - 10.6.3 Rubber Bridge Bearings [Seite 428]
14.6.3.1 - 10.6.3.1 Function [Seite 428]
14.6.3.2 - 10.6.3.2 Design Code [Seite 429]
14.6.3.3 - 10.6.3.3 Materials Specification [Seite 430]
14.6.4 - 10.6.4 Pipe Sealing Rings [Seite 432]
14.6.4.1 - 10.6.4.1 Function [Seite 432]
14.6.4.2 - 10.6.4.2 Materials [Seite 432]
14.6.4.3 - 10.6.4.3 Tensile Properties [Seite 432]
14.6.4.4 - 10.6.4.4 Compression Set [Seite 433]
14.6.4.5 - 10.6.4.5 Low Temperature Flexibility [Seite 433]
14.6.4.6 - 10.6.4.6 Oven Aging [Seite 434]
14.6.4.7 - 10.6.4.7 Oil Resistance [Seite 434]
14.6.4.8 - 10.6.4.8 Closing Remarks [Seite 434]
14.7 - References. [Seite 435]
14.8 - Problems for Chapter.10. [Seite 438]
14.9 - Answers to Problems for Chapter.10. [Seite 439]
15 - Appendix: Tables of Physical Constants [Seite 442]
16 - Index [Seite 446]
Contents: Materials and Compounds Elasticity Dynamic Mechanical Properties Strength Mechanical Fatigue Durability Design of Components Finite Element Analysis Test and Specifications.
