The Rise of Functional Categories
1st Edition
Published on 28. October 1993
X, 224 pages
978-90-272-8242-2 (ISBN)
Description
In recent years, word order has come to be seen, within a Government Binding/Minimalist framework, as determined by functional as well as lexical categories. Within this framework, functional categories are often seen as present in every language without evidence being available in that language. This book contains arguments that even though Universal Grammar makes functional categories available, the language learner must decide whether or not to incorporate them in his or her grammar. For instance, it is shown that English has one (not two as often assumed) functional category between the complementizer and the Negation, but that languages such as Dutch, Swedish, German and Old and Middle English have none. The title of the book can be seen in terms of the direction current research is taking; it can also be seen in terms of the changes that have taken place in English.
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Elly Gelderen
The Rise of Functional Categories
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10/1993
John Benjamins Publishing Co
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Content
- Intro
- CONTENTS
- Preface
- Introduction
- 0.1 Word Order
- 0.2 Functional Categories and Features
- 0.3 The Minimalist Framework: Chumsky (1992)
- 0.4 Outline
- 1. The Functional Category T in English
- 1.0 Outline
- 1.1 PS-rules
- 1.2 Splitting up the I-node
- 1.3 What occupies T in English
- 1.4 Evidence for TP
- 1.4.1 Right Node Raising and Coordination
- 1.4.2 Adjunction
- 1.5 Conclusion
- 2. Languages without a special Node for Tense
- 2.0 Outline
- 2.1 PS rules for languages such as Dutch
- 2.1.1 Head-initial or head-final
- 2.1.2 The problem of Negation
- 2.2 What occupies T in Dutch, Swedish, German and Old English
- 2.2.1 Dutch
- 2.2.2 Swedish
- 2.2.3 German
- 2.2.4 Old English
- 2.3 Lack of evidence for TP and for V-to-T movement
- 2.3.1 Problems
- 2.3.2 V-to-T and mixed categories
- 2.3.3 Right Node Raising, VP-deletion and Coordination
- 2.4 Conclusion
- 3. The Introduction of a Tense Node
- 3.0 Outline
- 3.1 The appearance of functional elements in T
- 3.2 The loss of V-2: tense from C to T
- 3.2.1 Verb-Second and its decline
- 3.2.2 Verb-movement and the loss of features
- 3.3 The optionality of that
- 3.4 Conclusion
- 4. Tense in Non-Finite Clauses
- 4.0 Outline
- 4.1 To in Katerine, Hali Meidenhad and Wohunge: a prefix or a complementizer?
- 4.2 To in Caligula
- 4.3 Forto in Caligula and Otho
- 4.4 Verb-Raising
- 4.5 Later Middle English
- 4.6 The infinitival ending
- 4.7 Conclusion
- Appendix
- 5. Feature Selection
- 5.0 Outline
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.1.1 Semantic and Syntactic Selection
- 5.1.2 Selection of categories or maximal projections does not suffice
- 5.2 Feature Selection
- 5.2.1 [+fut] complements
- 5.2.1.1 Tenseless complements
- 5.2.1.2 Selection of [+fut] features
- 5.2.1.3 Tense anchoring
- 5.2.1.4 Hornstein (1990)
- 5.2.2 Verbs with [+tense] and TP infinitivals
- 5.2.3 VP complements
- 5.3 Dutch
- 5.4 Old and early Middle English
- 5.5 Conclusion
- Appendix
- 6. AGRsP and Agreement Features
- 6.0 Outline
- 6.1 Background
- 6.1.1 Agreement
- 6.1.2 VP Subjects
- 6.2 Modern English
- 6.2.1 English without AGRs
- 6.2.2 Which are the agreement features?
- 6.3 Dutch
- 6.3.1 Evidence against additional functional categories
- 6.3.2 Double object verbs
- 6.3.3 Agreement features
- 6.3.4 Nominative in Dutch
- 6.3.5 Subject adjunction to VP
- 6.4 Old English and Middle English
- 6.4.1 Nominative and features
- 6.4.2 Double Negatives and the Nominative
- 6.5 Conclusion
- 7. Functional Categories between Neg and VP
- 7.0 Outline
- 7.1 AGRo in Modern English
- 7.2 AGRo in Dutch
- 7.3 The introduction of structural Case in Middle English: AGRo?
- 7.3.1 From inherent to structural Case
- 7.3.2 AGRo?
- 7.4 Conclusion
- 8. Aspect
- 8.0 Outline
- 8.1 The data and an analysis for Modern English
- 8.2 Dutch
- 8.3 Older stages of English
- 8.4 Changes and conclusion
- 9. Conclusion
- 9.1 Synchronic Observations
- 9.2 Diachronic Observations
- Notes
- References
- Reference Index
- General Index
