The Terrestrial Environment, A

PrefaceList of ContributorsIntroduction Definitions Standards ReferencesChapter 1. The Isotopes of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation Introduction Tritium in Atmospheric Waters Stable Isotope Distribution in Atmospheric Waters: Data Models of the Isotope Fractionation During Evaporation and Condensation of Water in the Atmosphere In-Storm Variation of Isotopic Composition, Cloud Models and Hailstone Studies Stable Isotope Distribution in Atmospheric Waters: The Global Model ReferencesChapter 2. Carbon-14 in Hydrogeological Studies Introduction The Abundance Of 14C The 14C Age Determination 14C Dating in Groundwater Summary ReferencesChapter 3. Environmental Isotopes in Groundwater Hydrology Introduction Basic Principles Groundwater Recharge Relations Between Surface- and Groundwaters Mechanism and Components of the Run-Off Leakage Between Aquifers Isotope Hydrology of Fractured Rocks Mechanism of Salinization Groundwater Dating Conclusions ReferencesChapter 4. Environmental Isotopes In Ice and Snow Introduction Isotope Content of a Snow Cover in Accretion Isotope Distribution During The Reduction of a Temperate Snow Cover Isotope Variations in the Transition of Snow to Glacier Ice Snow and Ice Isotope Hydrology Historical Glaciology ReferencesChapter 5. Isotopic Evidence on Environments of Geothermal Systems Introduction Isotope Hydrology of Geothermal Systems Geothermometry Isotopic Dating of Geothermal Waters Origin of Chemical Constituents Solid Phase Studies Summary Appendix - Methods of Collection and Analysis ReferencesChapter 6. Sulphur and Oxygen Isotopes in Aqueous Sulphur Compounds Introduction Isotope Fractionation Geochemistry and Isotope Distribution of Aqueous Sulphur Compounds Field Studies of Groundwater Systems Summary ReferencesChapter 7. Uranium Disequilibrium in Hydrologic Studies Introduction Isotopic Fractionation of 234U Mixing Studies: Continental Waters Mixing and Uranium Balances: Marine Waters Aquifer Interactions Age Dating Summary Appendix - Analytical Techniques For 234U And 238U Analysis ReferencesChapter 8. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Effects in Low-Temperature Mineral-Water Interactions Introduction Isotopic Fractionations Between Minerals and Water Isotope Effects During Weathering and Soil Formation Isotopic Studies of Marine Sedimentation, Halmyrolysis, Authigenesis and Early Diagenesis Evaporite Formation Later Diagenetic Processes Serpentinization of Ultramafic Rocks Effect of Mineral-Water Interaction on the Isotopic Composition of Pore Water ReferencesChapter 9. The Isotopic Composition of Reduced Organic Carbon Introduction Photosynthesis and the Carbon Isotopic Composition of Plants The Carbon Isotopic Composition of Organic Matter in Sediments The Carbon Isotopic Composition of Fossil Fuels The Carbon Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Compounds ReferencesChapter 10. Nitrogen-15 in the Natural Environment Introduction 15N in Nature Isotope Fractionations 15N in Organic Matter and Soils 15N in Nitrates 15N in the Hydrosphere ReferencesChapter 11. Sulphur Isotopes in Our Environment Introduction Terrestrial Sulphur Isotope Abundances and Cycling of Mobile Sulphur Compounds Elucidation of Sources, Mbcing, and Dispersion of Sulphur Compounds Sulphur Isotope Fractionation During Transformations of Atmospheric and Aqueous Sulphur Compounds Sulphur Isotope Fractionation in the Pedosphere Sulphur Isotopes Elucidate Uptake of Industrial Sulphur Compounds by Vegetation Evaluation of Anthropogenic and Natural Sources of Sulphur Compounds Summary ReferencesChapter 12.