Abbreviations

Some abbreviations used only within a figure, table or box, and defined there, are not included here. Some abbreviations are given in the text not because the terms are used frequently, but because the substance in question is often better known by its abbreviation. In such cases, if the abbreviation only occurs in one limited section, it will not be listed here.

ABC (G5, G8, etc.) ATP-binding cassette-containing protein-G5, G8 etc. ACAT acyl-Coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACCORD Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme ACS acyl-CoA synthase ACSL long-chain acyl-CoA synthase ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone (corticotrophin) ADH antidiuretic hormone ADP adenosine 5´-diphosphate AEE activity energy expenditure AGE advanced glycation end-product AgRP Agouti-related protein AIDS Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome ALT alanine aminotransferase AMP adenosine 5´-monophosphate AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase ANP atrial natriuretic peptide APOA, B, C, E, etc. apolipoprotein A,B,C,E, etc. ARB angiotensin receptor blocker AST aspartate aminotransferase ATGL adipose triacylglycerol (or triglyceride) lipase ATP adenosine 5´-trisphosphate BAT brown adipose tissue BCAA branched chain amino acid BCAT branched chain amino acid aminotransferase BCKD(C) branched chain 2-oxoacid (a-ketoacid) dehydrogenase (complex) BMCP1 brain mitochondria carrier protein 1 BMI body mass index BMR basal metabolic rate BNP brain natriuretic peptide cAMP cyclic adenosine 3´, 5´-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) CARS compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome CAT-1, 2 carnitine-acyl transferase-1, 2 CCK cholecystokinin CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein cGMP cyclic guanosine 3´, 5´-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) CHD coronary heart disease ChRE carbohydrate response element ChREBP carbohydrate response element binding protein CIM critical illness myopathy CIP critical illness polyneuropathy CNP C-type natriuretic peptide CNS central nervous system CoA coenzyme A CoASH coenzyme A reduced form CoQ10 ubiquinone CPT-1, 2 carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1, 2 CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion DHA docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6 n-3) D-2HG D-2-hydroxyglutarate DIT diet-induced thermogenesis DPP Diabetes Prevention Program EDRF endothelial-derived relaxing factor EE energy expenditure eIF eukaryotic initiation factor eNOS endothelial NO synthase ER endoplasmic reticulum ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase FABP(pm) fatty acid binding protein (plasma membrane isoform) FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide (oxidised form) FADH2 flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) FAT fatty acid translocase FATP fatty acid transport protein FFM fat-free mass FGF fibroblast growth factor FH familial hypercholesterolaemia FIL feedback inhibitor of lactation FoxO Forkhead box 'Other' FQ food quotient FSH follicle-stimulating hormone FXR farnesoid X-receptor G Gibbs 'free' energy G6-P glucose 6-phosphate GDP guanosine 5´-diphosphate GH growth hormone GHSR growth hormone secretagogue receptor GIP gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also known as glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide GK glucokinase GLP (1 and 2) glucagon-like peptide-1 and -2 GLUT glucose transporter GOAT ghrelin-O-acyltransferase GPAT glycerol phosphate-acyl transferase GPCR G protein-coupled receptor GPIHBP1 glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 GR glucocorticoid receptor GSK glycogen synthase kinase GTP guanosine 5´-trisphosphate HDAC histone deacetylation/deacetylase HDL high density lipoprotein HIF-1 hypoxia-inducible factor-1 HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HK hexokinase HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA hPL human placental lactogen HSL hormone-sensitive lipase 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IGF insulin-like growth factor IL interleukin IMM inner mitochondrial membrane JAK originally Just Another Kinase; redesignated JAnus Kinase Ka dissociation constant for an acid Km Michaelis constant LADA latent autoimmune diabetes in adults LCAD long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase LCAT lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LDL low-density lipoprotein LH luteinising hormone LPL lipoprotein lipase LXR liver X-receptor MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MET (unit of work): 1 MET =...