Elections and Democratization in the Philippines

Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Democratization and Less-Than-Democratic Elections -- Less-Than-Democratic Elections as Political Opportunities -- Methods -- Political Processes -- Institutional Contexts -- Overview -- Chapter 1: Elections and Democratization in the Philippines -- Overview -- Contending Views of Regime Transition and Democratization -- Variable Less-Tim n-Democratic Regime Types: Political Crossroads in the Difficult journey from Authoritarianism to Democracy -- The Variable Problem of Exclusionary Electoral Practices -- The Philippine Political Transitions -- Elecroralism and Democratization in the Philippines (1978-1986) -- National Electoral Competition and Local Democratization After 1986 -- Grassroots Citizenship Campaigns: Contesting the Meaning and Purpose of Elections After 1986 -- Chapter 2: The Colonial Era and its Political Legacies, 1565-1945 -- Overview -- Spanish Colonial Rule (1565-1898) -- American Colonial Rule (1898-1946) -- The Philippine Commonwealth (1935-1941) -- "Social Justice," Hacendero Resistance, and Democratic Opposition -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3: The Postwar Clientelist Electoral Regime, 1945-1972 -- Overview -- Restoration of Cacique Democracy (1945-1954) -- Heyday of Cacique Democracy (1954-1972) -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4: The Institutionalization of Centralized Authoritarian Rule, 1972-1978 -- Overview -- Imposition of Martial Law -- Extension of Centralized Authoritarian 1 bIds Systemwide -- Rural Economic Development Strategy -- Building Rural Opposition to the New Society -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5: Elections and Democratization in the Marcos Era -- Overview -- Breaking Through the "Wall of Silence" (I 972-1 978) -- Emboldened Opposition (1978-1983) -- The 1983-1986 Civic Uprising -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6: Local Struggles and National Regime Transition -- Overview -- National Perspective Ofl Post-Marcos Political Reconstruction -- Local Perspectives on the New Politics Campaign -- North Cotabato -- Sorsogon -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7: Conclusion -- Overview -- Purpose and Methods -- Summary of Findings -- Conclusions -- Imp lications -- Bibliography -- Interviews -- Index.