List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1 Boas demonstrating a Kwakwaka'wakw dance posture. Figure 1.2 Four fields as sets. Figure 2.1 The evolution of woman. Figure 2.2 Simple depiction of how multicellular life evolved. Figure 2.3 Darwin's comparison of embryos. Figure 2.4 Hominins, hominids, and hominoids. Figure 2.5 Human fossil record. Figure 2.6 Sample DNA. Figure 2.7 Sickle cell anemia presence in Africa compared with the incidence of malaria. Figure 2.8 Lactose intolerance (lactase persistence) globally. Figure 2.9 Bronze Age tin finds and their sources in Eurasia (1-25 = tin objects. 26-48 = tin deposits / mines). Figure 3.1 Carricola, Sulawesi. Figure 3.2 Lascaux caves. Figure 3.3 Koraku-en in Okayama. Figure 3.4 Qing dynasty landscape. Figure 3.5 Frances Densmore (1867-1957) recording Mountain Chief of the Blackfoot on a cylinder phonograph. Figure 3.6 Malinowski in the Trobriands. Figure 4.1 Bones of the human skeleton. Figure 4.2 Bones of the human skull. Figure 4.3 Newborn skull showing the gaps between the bones. Figure 4.4 Bones that are remains from the Khmer Rouge genocide in Cambodia. Figure 4.5 Maori facial tattooing. Figure 4.6 Neck rings on a Kayan woman. Figure 5.1 Andaman Islanders fishing (c.1870). Figure 5.2 Il Principe. Figure 5.3 Sites associated with rice remains. 1. Yuchanyan; 2. Pengtoushan; 3. Bashidang; 4. Xianrendong-Diaotonghuan; 5. Shangshan; 6. Kuahuqiao; 7. Hemudu-Tianhuoshan; 8. Luojiajiao; 9. Caoxieshan; 10. Yuezhuang; 11. Jiahu; 12. Huizui; 13. Nanjiaokou; 14. Qingyang; 15. Xishanping. Figure 5.4 Approximate places and dates (bce) of the domestication of plants. This map and the following two are simplified for brevity. Full details are in the text and references. Figure 5.5 Approximate places and dates (bce) of the domestication of animals. Figure 5.6 Approximate places and dates (bce) of the domestication of plants that are not food staples. Figure 5.7 Mesopotamian statelets in alluvial plains. Figure 6.1 Kosher McDonald's in Abasto in Buenos Aires. No cheeseburgers, and all kosher beef. Figure 6.2 Los Angeles, CA, horse butcher in 1951. Figure 6.3 Eating food with the fingers on the ground in India. Figure 7.1 Main arteries according to Vesalius. Figure 7.2 The relationship between the three Doshas and the five Elements in Ayurveda medicine. Figure 7.3 Traditional Chinese meridians used in acupuncture. Figure 7.4 Wuxing forces. Figure 7.5 San healing. Figure 7.6 COVID-19 warning sign. Figure 7.7 Organs of the immune system. Figure 7.8 Trepanned skulls worldwide. Figure 8.1 An instrument for measuring the strength of the power grip. Figure 8.2 Bones of the wrist. Figure 8.3 Fossilized footprints of (possibly) Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli, H. erectus from Ileret, compared with a modern human. Figure 8.4 Oldowan tool. Figure 8.5 Acheulean tools. Figure 8.6 Cuneiform writing. Figure 9.1 Chilkat blanket like those documented by Boas in Primitive Art. Figure 9.2 Twelfth-century world map with east at the top. Figure 9.3 Pueblo pottery. Figure 10.1 Pair-bonded gibbons. Figure 10.2 Kinship symbols. Figure 10.3 Nuclear family. Figure 10.4 John Forrest kinship diagram. Figure 10.5 Transmission of hemophilia in Queen Victoria's kin. Figure 10.6 Degrees of closeness. Figure 10.7 Poverty Point earthworks. Figure 10.8 Poverty Point figurines. Figure 10.9 Old Order Amish horse and buggy. Figure 11.1 McDonald's in Saigon. Locals still call the city Saigon even though the name was changed after the war to Ho Chi Minh City. Figure 11.2 Philadelphia street map 1802. Figure 11.3 Prehistoric (and later) migrations of Homo sapiens to fill the globe. Routes are marked in thousands of years BP based on archeological dating. Figure 11.4 Map of dry land masses of Sahul (Australasia) and Sunda (S.E. Asia) at periods during the last ice age. (The named lines represent abrupt changes in fauna from one side to the other suggesting ancient continental drift.) Figure 11.5 Spread of farming in Eurasia from 9600 to 4000 BCE. Figure 11.6 Kurgan hypothesis. Figure 11.7 A hybrid hypothesis for the origin and spread of the Indo-European languages. The language family began to diverge from around 8100 years ago, out of a homeland immediately south of the Caucasus. One migration reached the Pontic-Caspian and Forest Steppe around 7000 years ago, and from there subsequent migrations spread into parts of Europe around 5000 years ago. Figure 11.8 Indo-European language family tree. Figure 11.9 Neo-Assyrian Empire covering the entire Fertile Crescent. Figure 11.10 Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo. Figure 11.11 Mongol Empire at its height. Figure 11.12 A Brazilian family in Rio de Janeiro by Jean-Baptiste Debret, 1839. Figure 12.1 Paris catacombs. Figure 12.2 Gold reliquaries containing the chin and tongue of St. Anthony of Padua in the Basilica of Anthony of Padua in Padua. Figure 12.3 Tibetan Buddhist praying. Figure 12.4 Mesopotamian astrology wheel. Figure 12.5 Caracol. Figure 12.6 Initiation ritual of boys (to men) in Malawi - liminal phase. Figure 13.1 Blumenbach's racial categories. Figure 13.2 Frontispiece of Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development. Figure 13.3 Drinking fountain for "Colored" in Halifax, N. C. 1938. Figure 13.4 Bell beaker. Figure 14.1 Different chromosomal methods of biological sex determination. Figure 14.2 Ladyboys in Bangkok. Figure 14.3 Male black swans and cygnets. Figure...