Ruby Programming Language

Name: Ruby Programming Language
Brand: O'Reilly
Price: 33.99 EUR
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David Flanagan(Author)

O'Reilly (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 25. January 2008

444 pages

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978-0-596-52016-8 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
David Flanagan
Yukihiro Matsumoto
Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples
How to Contact Us
Safari® Enabled
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 A Tour of Ruby
1.1.1 Ruby Is Object-Oriented
1.1.2 Blocks and Iterators
1.1.3 Expressions and Operators in Ruby
1.1.4 Methods
1.1.5 Assignment
1.1.6 Punctuation Suffixes and Prefixes
1.1.7 Regexp and Range
1.1.8 Classes and Modules
1.1.9 Ruby Surprises
1.2 Try Ruby
1.2.1 The Ruby Interpreter
1.2.2 Displaying Output
1.2.3 Interactive Ruby with irb
1.2.4 Viewing Ruby Documentation with ri
1.2.5 Ruby Package Management with gem
1.2.6 More Ruby Tutorials
1.2.7 Ruby Resources
1.3 About This Book
1.3.1 How to Read This Book
1.4 A Sudoku Solver in Ruby
Chapter 2. The Structure and Execution of Ruby Programs
2.1 Lexical Structure
2.1.1 Comments
2.1.1.1 Embedded documents
2.1.1.2 Documentation comments
2.1.2 Literals
2.1.3 Punctuation
2.1.4 Identifiers
2.1.4.1 Case sensitivity
2.1.4.2 Unicode characters in identifiers
2.1.4.3 Punctuation in identifiers
2.1.5 Keywords
2.1.6 Whitespace
2.1.6.1 Newlines as statement terminators
2.1.6.2 Spaces and method invocations
2.2 Syntactic Structure
2.2.1 Block Structure in Ruby
2.3 File Structure
2.4 Program Encoding
2.4.1 Specifying Program Encoding
2.4.2 Source, External, and Internal Encodings
2.5 Program Execution
Chapter 3. Datatypes and Objects
3.1 Numbers
3.1.1 Integer Literals
3.1.2 Floating-Point Literals
3.1.3 Arithmetic in Ruby
3.1.4 Binary Floating-Point and Rounding Errors
3.2 Text
3.2.1 String Literals
3.2.1.1 Single-quoted string literals
3.2.1.2 Double-quoted string literals
3.2.1.3 Unicode escapes
3.2.1.4 Arbitrary delimiters for string literals
3.2.1.5 Here documents
3.2.1.6 Backtick command execution
3.2.1.7 String literals and mutability
3.2.1.8 The String.new method
3.2.2 Character Literals
3.2.3 String Operators
3.2.4 Accessing Characters and Substrings
3.2.5 Iterating Strings
3.2.6 String Encodings and Multibyte Characters
3.2.6.1 Multibyte characters in Ruby 1.9
3.2.6.2 The Encoding class
3.2.6.3 Multibyte characters in Ruby 1.8
3.3 Arrays
3.4 Hashes
3.4.1 Hash Literals
3.4.2 Hash Codes, Equality, and Mutable Keys
3.5 Ranges
3.5.1 Testing Membership in a Range
3.6 Symbols
3.7 True, False, and Nil
3.8 Objects
3.8.1 Object References
3.8.1.1 Immediate values
3.8.2 Object Lifetime
3.8.3 Object Identity
3.8.4 Object Class and Object Type
3.8.5 Object Equality
3.8.5.1 The equal? method
3.8.5.2 The == operator
3.8.5.3 The eql? method
3.8.5.4 The === operator
3.8.5.5 The =~ operator
3.8.6 Object Order
3.8.7 Object Conversion
3.8.7.1 Explicit conversions
3.8.7.2 Implicit conversions
3.8.7.3 Conversion functions
3.8.7.4 Arithmetic operator type coercions
3.8.7.5 Boolean type conversions
3.8.8 Copying Objects
3.8.9 Marshaling Objects
3.8.10 Freezing Objects
3.8.11 Tainted and Untrusted Objects
Chapter 4. Expressions and Operators
4.1 Literals and Keyword Literals
4.2 Variable References
4.2.1 Uninitialized Variables
4.3 Constant References
4.4 Method Invocations
4.5 Assignments
4.5.1 Assigning to Variables
4.5.2 Assigning to Constants
4.5.3 Assigning to Attributes and Array Elements
4.5.4 Abbreviated Assignment
4.5.5 Parallel Assignment
4.5.5.1 Same number of lvalues and rvalues
4.5.5.2 One lvalue, multiple rvalues
4.5.5.3 Multiple lvalues, single array rvalue
4.5.5.4 Different numbers of lvalues and rvalues
4.5.5.5 The splat operator
4.5.5.6 Parentheses in parallel assignment
4.5.5.7 The value of parallel assignment
4.6 Operators
4.6.1 Unary + and -
4.6.2 Exponentiation: **
4.6.3 Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, and %
4.6.4 Shift and Append: && and &&
4.6.5 Complement, Union, Intersection: ~, &, |, and ^
4.6.6 Comparison: &, &=, &, &=, and &=&
4.6.7 Equality: ==, !=, =~, !~, and ===
4.6.8 Boolean Operators: &&, ||, !, and, or, not
4.6.9 Ranges and Flip-Flops: .. and ...
4.6.9.1 Boolean flip-flops
4.6.10 Conditional: ?:
4.6.11 Assignment Operators
4.6.12 The defined? Operator
4.6.13 Statement Modifiers
4.6.14 Nonoperators
Chapter 5. Statements and Control Structures
5.1 Conditionals
5.1.1 if
5.1.1.1 else
5.1.1.2 elsif
5.1.1.3 Return value
5.1.2 if As a Modifier
5.1.3 unless
5.1.4 case
5.1.5 The ?: Operator
5.2 Loops
5.2.1 while and until
5.2.2 while and until As Modifiers
5.2.3 The for/in Loop
5.3 Iterators and Enumerable Objects
5.3.1 Numeric Iterators
5.3.2 Enumerable Objects
5.3.3 Writing Custom Iterators
5.3.4 Enumerators
5.3.5 External Iterators
5.3.6 Iteration and Concurrent Modification
5.4 Blocks
5.4.1 Block Syntax
5.4.2 The Value of a Block
5.4.3 Blocks and Variable Scope
5.4.4 Passing Arguments to a Block
5.4.5 Block Parameters in Ruby 1.9
5.5 Altering Control Flow
5.5.1 return
5.5.2 break
5.5.2.1 break with a value
5.5.3 next
5.5.3.1 next and block value
5.5.4 redo
5.5.5 retry
5.5.6 throw and catch
5.6 Exceptions and Exception Handling
5.6.1 Exception Classes and Exception Objects
5.6.1.1 The methods of exception objects
5.6.1.2 Creating exception objects
5.6.1.3 Defining new exception classes
5.6.2 Raising Exceptions with raise
5.6.3 Handling Exceptions with rescue
5.6.3.1 Naming the exception object
5.6.3.2 Handling exceptions by type
5.6.3.3 Propagation of exceptions
5.6.3.4 Exceptions during exception handling
5.6.3.5 retry in a rescue clause
5.6.4 The else Clause
5.6.5 The ensure Clause
5.6.6 rescue with Method, Class, and Module Definitions
5.6.7 rescue As a Statement Modifier
5.7 BEGIN and END
5.8 Threads, Fibers, and Continuations
5.8.1 Threads for Concurrency
5.8.2 Fibers for Coroutines
5.8.2.1 Fiber arguments and return values
5.8.2.2 Implementing generators with fibers
5.8.2.3 Advanced fiber features
5.8.3 Continuations
Chapter 6. Methods, Procs, Lambdas, and Closures
6.1 Defining Simple Methods
6.1.1 Method Return Value
6.1.2 Methods and Exception Handling
6.1.3 Invoking a Method on an Object
6.1.4 Defining Singleton Methods
6.1.5 Undefining Methods
6.2 Method Names
6.2.1 Operator Methods
6.2.2 Method Aliases
6.3 Methods and Parentheses
6.3.1 Optional Parentheses
6.3.2 Required Parentheses
6.4 Method Arguments
6.4.1 Parameter Defaults
6.4.2 Variable-Length Argument Lists and Arrays
6.4.2.1 Passing arrays to methods
6.4.3 Mapping Arguments to Parameters
6.4.4 Hashes for Named Arguments
6.4.5 Block Arguments
6.4.5.1 Using & in method invocation
6.5 Procs and Lambdas
6.5.1 Creating Procs
6.5.1.1 Proc.new
6.5.1.2 Kernel.lambda
6.5.1.3 Kernel.proc
6.5.1.4 Lambda Literals
6.5.2 Invoking Procs and Lambdas
6.5.3 The Arity of a Proc
6.5.4 Proc Equality
6.5.5 How Lambdas Differ from Procs
6.5.5.1 Return in blocks, procs, and lambdas
6.5.5.2 Break in blocks, procs and lambdas
6.5.5.3 Other control-flow statements
6.5.5.4 Argument passing to procs and lambdas
6.6 Closures
6.6.1 Closures and Shared Variables
6.6.2 Closures and Bindings
6.7 Method Objects
6.7.1 Unbound Method Objects
6.8 Functional Programming
6.8.1 Applying a Function to an Enumerable
6.8.2 Composing Functions
6.8.3 Partially Applying Functions
6.8.4 Memoizing Functions
6.8.5 Symbols, Methods, and Procs
Chapter 7. Classes and Modules
7.1 Defining a Simple Class
7.1.1 Creating the Class
7.1.2 Instantiating a Point
7.1.3 Initializing a Point
7.1.4 Defining a to_s Method
7.1.5 Accessors and Attributes
7.1.6 Defining Operators
7.1.7 Array and Hash Access with [ ]
7.1.8 Enumerating Coordinates
7.1.9 Point Equality
7.1.10 Ordering Points
7.1.11 A Mutable Point
7.1.12 Quick and Easy Mutable Classes
7.1.13 A Class Method
7.1.14 Constants
7.1.15 Class Variables
7.1.16 Class Instance Variables
7.2 Method Visibility: Public, Protected, Private
7.3 Subclassing and Inheritance
7.3.1 Inheriting Methods
7.3.2 Overriding Methods
7.3.2.1 Overriding private methods
7.3.3 Augmenting Behavior by Chaining
7.3.4 Inheritance of Class Methods
7.3.5 Inheritance and Instance Variables
7.3.6 Inheritance and Class Variables
7.3.7 Inheritance of Constants
7.4 Object Creation and Initialization
7.4.1 new, allocate, and initialize
7.4.2 Factory Methods
7.4.3 dup, clone, and initialize_copy
7.4.4 marshal_dump and marshal_load
7.4.5 The Singleton Pattern
7.5 Modules
7.5.1 Modules as Namespaces
7.5.1.1 Nested namespaces
7.5.2 Modules As Mixins
7.5.3 Includable Namespace Modules
7.6 Loading and Requiring Modules
7.6.1 The Load Path
7.6.2 Executing Loaded Code
7.6.2.1 Wrapped loads
7.6.3 Autoloading Modules
7.7 Singleton Methods and the Eigenclass
7.8 Method Lookup
7.8.1 Class Method Lookup
7.9 Constant Lookup
Chapter 8. Reflection and Metaprogramming
8.1 Types, Classes, and Modules
8.1.1 Ancestry and Modules
8.1.2 Defining Classes and Modules
8.2 Evaluating Strings and Blocks
8.2.1 Bindings and eval
8.2.2 instance_eval and class_eval
8.2.3 instance_exec and class_exec
8.3 Variables and Constants
8.3.1 Querying, Setting, and Testing Variables
8.4 Methods
8.4.1 Listing and Testing For Methods
8.4.2 Obtaining Method Objects
8.4.3 Invoking Methods
8.4.4 Defining, Undefining, and Aliasing Methods
8.4.5 Handling Undefined Methods
8.4.6 Setting Method Visibility
8.5 Hooks
8.6 Tracing
8.7 ObjectSpace and GC
8.8 Custom Control Structures
8.8.1 Delaying and Repeating Execution: after and every
8.8.2 Thread Safety with Synchronized Blocks
8.9 Missing Methods and Missing Constants
8.9.1 Unicode Codepoint Constants with const_missing
8.9.2 Tracing Method Invocations with method_missing
8.9.3 Synchronized Objects by Delegation
8.10 Dynamically Creating Methods
8.10.1 Defining Methods with class_eval
8.10.2 Defining Methods with define_method
8.11 Alias Chaining
8.11.1 Tracing Files Loaded and Classes Defined
8.11.2 Chaining Methods for Thread Safety
8.11.3 Chaining Methods for Tracing
8.12 Domain-Specific Languages
8.12.1 Simple XML Output with method_missing
8.12.2 Validated XML Output with Method Generation
Chapter 9. The Ruby Platform
9.1 Strings
9.1.1 Formatting Text
9.1.2 Packing and Unpacking Binary Strings
9.1.3 Strings and Encodings
9.2 Regular Expressions
9.2.1 Regexp Literals
9.2.2 Regexp Factory Methods
9.2.3 Regular Expression Syntax
9.2.4 Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions
9.2.4.1 Global variables for match data
9.2.4.2 Pattern matching with strings
9.2.4.3 Search and replace
9.2.4.4 Regular expression encoding
9.3 Numbers and Math
9.3.1 Numeric Methods
9.3.2 The Math Module
9.3.3 Decimal Arithmetic
9.3.4 Complex Numbers
9.3.5 Rational Numbers
9.3.6 Vectors and Matrices
9.3.7 Random Numbers
9.4 Dates and Times
9.5 Collections
9.5.1 Enumerable Objects
9.5.1.1 Iterating and converting collections
9.5.1.2 Enumerators and external iterators
9.5.1.3 Sorting collections
9.5.1.4 Searching collections
9.5.1.5 Selecting subcollections
9.5.1.6 Reducing collections
9.5.2 Arrays
9.5.2.1 Creating arrays
9.5.2.2 Array size and elements
9.5.2.3 Altering array elements
9.5.2.4 Iterating, searching, and sorting arrays
9.5.2.5 Array comparison
9.5.2.6 Arrays as stacks and queues
9.5.2.7 Arrays as sets
9.5.2.8 Associative array methods
9.5.2.9 Miscellaneous array methods
9.5.3 Hashes
9.5.3.1 Creating hashes
9.5.3.2 Indexing hashes and testing membership
9.5.3.3 Storing keys and values in a hash
9.5.3.4 Removing hash entries
9.5.3.5 Arrays from hashes
9.5.3.6 Hash iterators
9.5.3.7 Default values
9.5.3.8 Hashcodes, key equality, and mutable keys
9.5.3.9 Miscellaneous hash methods
9.5.4 Sets
9.5.4.1 Creating sets
9.5.4.2 Testing, comparing, and combining Sets
9.5.4.3 Adding and deleting set elements
9.5.4.4 Set iterators
9.5.4.5 Miscellaneous set methods
9.6 Files and Directories
9.6.1 File and Directory Names
9.6.2 Listing Directories
9.6.3 Testing Files
9.6.4 Creating, Deleting, and Renaming Files and Directories
9.7 Input/Output
9.7.1 Opening Streams
9.7.1.1 Opening files
9.7.1.2 Kernel.open
9.7.1.3 StringIO
9.7.1.4 Predefined streams
9.7.2 Streams and Encodings
9.7.3 Reading from a Stream
9.7.3.1 Reading lines
9.7.3.2 Reading entire files
9.7.3.3 Reading bytes and characters
9.7.4 Writing to a Stream
9.7.5 Random Access Methods
9.7.6 Closing, Flushing, and Testing Streams
9.8 Networking
9.8.1 A Very Simple Client
9.8.2 A Very Simple Server
9.8.3 Datagrams
9.8.4 A More Complex Client
9.8.5 A Multiplexing Server
9.8.6 Fetching Web Pages
9.9 Threads and Concurrency
9.9.1 Thread Lifecycle
9.9.1.1 The main thread
9.9.1.2 Threads and unhandled exceptions
9.9.2 Threads and Variables
9.9.2.1 Thread-private variables
9.9.2.2 Thread-local variables
9.9.3 Thread Scheduling
9.9.3.1 Thread priorities
9.9.3.2 Thread preemption and Thread.pass
9.9.4 Thread States
9.9.4.1 Querying thread state
9.9.4.2 Altering state: pausing, waking, and killing threads
9.9.5 Listing Threads and Thread Groups
9.9.6 Threading Examples
9.9.6.1 Reading files concurrently
9.9.6.2 A Multithreaded Server
9.9.6.3 Concurrent iterators
9.9.7 Thread Exclusion and Deadlock
9.9.7.1 Deadlock
9.9.8 Queue and SizedQueue
9.9.9 Condition Variables and Queues
Chapter 10. The Ruby Environment
10.1 Invoking the Ruby Interpreter
10.1.1 Common Options
10.1.2 Warnings and Information Options
10.1.3 Encoding Options
10.1.4 Text Processing Options
10.1.5 Miscellaneous Options
10.2 The Top-Level Environment
10.2.1 Predefined Modules and Classes
10.2.2 Top-Level Constants
10.2.3 Global Variables
10.2.3.1 Global settings
10.2.3.2 Exception-handling globals
10.2.3.3 Streams and text-processing globals
10.2.3.4 Pattern-matching globals
10.2.3.5 Command-line option globals
10.2.4 Predefined Global Functions
10.2.4.1 Keyword functions
10.2.4.2 Text input, output, and manipulation functions
10.2.4.3 OS methods
10.2.4.4 Warnings, failures, and exiting
10.2.4.5 Reflection functions
10.2.4.6 Conversion functions
10.2.4.7 Miscellaneous Kernel functions
10.2.5 User-Defined Global Functions
10.3 Practical Extraction and Reporting Shortcuts
10.3.1 Input Functions
10.3.2 Deprecated Extraction Functions
10.3.3 Reporting Functions
10.3.4 One-Line Script Shortcuts
10.4 Calling the OS
10.4.1 Invoking OS Commands
10.4.2 Forking and Processes
10.4.3 Trapping Signals
10.4.4 Terminating Programs
10.5 Security
10.5.1 Tainted Data
10.5.2 Restricted Execution and Safe Levels
10.5.2.1 Safe level 0
10.5.2.2 Safe Level 1
10.5.2.3 Safe level 2
10.5.2.4 Safe level 3
10.5.2.5 Safe level 4
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Ruby Programming Language

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