Fiji

Name: Fiji | Building Inclusive Institutions for Sustained Growth
Brand: Asian Development Bank
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Building Inclusive Institutions for Sustained Growth

Asian Development Bank (Publisher)

Published on 1. November 2015

161 pages

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978-92-9257-100-9 (ISBN)

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Content

Cover
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Fiji Fast Facts
Executive Summary
Chapter 1: Growth and Development Performance
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Economic Performance
1.3. Macroeconomic Performance
1.4. Poverty and Inequality
1.5. Conclusion and Way Forward in this Study
Annex 1.1 Fiji's Sugar Industry and the European Union's Liberalized Sugar Regime
Chapter 2. Critical Constraints to Growth
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Low Appropriability
2.3. Low Social Returns
2.4. Cost of Finance
2.5. Conclusion
Chapter 3. Critical Constraints to Inclusiveness
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Poverty and Inequality in Fiji
3.3. Productive Employment Opportunities
3.4. Unequal Access to Opportunities
3.5. Leveling the Playing Field
3.6. Social Safety Nets
3.7. Conclusion
Annex 3.1 Social Protection System in Fiji
Chapter 4. Moving Beyond the Limitations of Customary Landholding
4.1. Introduction
4.2. History, Land Tenure, and the Political Economy
4.3. Reforms to Increase Efficiency of Land Use
4.4. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Summary and Policy Recommendations
5.1. Summary
5.2. Business Climate
5.3. Infrastructure Services
5.4. Access to Finance
5.5. Labor Market Outcomes
5.6. Conclusion
Annex 5.1 Key Policy Measures Introduced Since 2006
References
Boxes, Figures, and Tables
Boxes
Box 1.1: Fiji's Trilemma Constraint-An Empirical Examination
Box 2.1: Growth Diagnostic Framework
Box 2.2: Fiji's Business Start-Up Procedures and Licensing
Box 2.3: Fiji National Provident Fund
Box 3.1: Poverty and Inequality Diagnostic Framework
Box 3.2: Mainstreaming TVET in Fiji
Box 3.3: Secured Transactions Framework in Fiji
Figures
Figure 1.1: Size of Pacific Island Countries
Figure 1.2: GDP Growth, 1971-2014
Figure 1.3: Investment Rate, 1970-2014
Figure 1.4: Structure of GDP by Production Sector, 1980-2014
Figure 1.5: Contribution of Production Sectors to GDP Growth, 1980-2014
Figure 1.6: Growth in Service Subsectors,1980-2014
Figure 1.7: Number of Tourist Arrivals by Country, 1981-2014
Figure 1.8: Agriculture Sector and Sugar Industry Production Index, 1980-2014
Figure 1.9: Composition of Agriculture Sector Production, 1980-2013
Figure 1.10: Industry Subsectors' Contribution to Industry Growth, 1980-2014
Figure 1.11: Growth of Industry Subsectors,1980-2014
Figure 1.12: Mining Sector Output and Gold Production, 1980-2014
Figure 1.13: Major Expenditure Components, 1980-2012
Figure 1.14: Composition of Imports, 1980-2013
Figure 1.15: Composition of Exports, 1980-2013
Figure 1.16: Exports of Garments, 1986-2013
Figure 1.17: Exports of Beverages, 1995-2013
Figure 1.18: Diversification of Export Basket and Stage of Development
Figure 1.19: Diversification of the Export Basket of Fiji and Select Small Island Countries, 1980-2013
Figure 1.20: Current Account Balance, 2000-2013
Figure B1.1.1: The Trilemma and International Reserves, Fiji and Small Island Countries
Figure B1.1.2: Evolution of Trilemma Index for Fiji
Figure 1.21: Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rates, 2000-2014
Figure 1.22: Inflation, 1996-2014
Figure 1.23: Money and Credit, Annual Growth, 2002-2014
Figure 1.24: Private Credit and Interest Rates, 2001-2014
Figure 1.25: Loans and Advances by Commercial Banks, 2000-2014
Figure 1.26: Liquid Assets Ratio of Commercial Banks, 2010-2014
Figure 1.27: Liquidity Position of Commercial Banks, 2003-2014
Figure 1.28: Capital Adequacy Ratio of Commercial Banks, 2010-2014
Figure 1.29: Nonperforming Loans of Commercial Banks, 2010-2014
Figure 1.30: Fiscal Position, 2000-2013
Figure 1.31: Sources of Government Revenue, 2000-2013
Figure 1.32: Government Expenditures, 2000-2013
Figure 1.33: Total Government Expenditure on Key Services, 2005-2014
Figure 1.34: Government Gross Financing, 2000-2014
Figure 1.35: Public Debt and Contingent Liabilities, 2000-2014
Figure 1.36: Poverty Incidence, 2002/03 and 2008/09
Figure 1.37: Inequality Outcomes, 2002/03 and 2008/09
Figure 1.38: Decomposition of Income Inequality by Spatial Units, 2002/03 and 2008/09
Figure A1.1.1: Sugarcane Output and Yield, 1980-2013
Figure A1.1.2: Sugar Production and Tons of Cane Required per Ton of Sugar, 1980-2014
Figure A1.1.3: Sugar Prices in the European Union, Fiji, and the World, 1980-2013
Figure A1.1.4: Productivity Indicators in World Sugar, Fiji and Select Large Sugar Exporters, Average 2009-2011
Figure 2.1: GDP Growth, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 2.2: Investment Rate, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure B2.1.1: Growth Diagnostic Framework
Figure 2.3: Governance Indicators for Fiji and Selected Countries (percentile rank)
Figure 2.4: Biggest Obstacles to Investments, 2009
Figure 2.5: Political Instability as the Biggest Obstacle to Growth, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 2.6: Overall Ease of Doing Business, Fiji and Comparator Countries, 2014
Figure 2.7: Overall Ease of Doing Business, 2006-2014
Figure 2.8: Distance to the Frontier in Ease of Doing Business, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 2.9: Rank in Different Aspects of Business Environment, 2014
Figure 2.10: Distance to the Frontier in Ease of Starting a Business, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 2.11: Courts as a Major Constraint, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 2.12: Perception of Corruption in Previous 2 Years, 2013
Figure 2.13: Effectiveness of Government Actions in Fighting Corruption, 2013
Figure 2.14: Fiscal Balance, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 2.15: Public Debt, Fiji and Comparator Countries, 2014
Figure 2.16: Export Sophistication and GDP per Capita
Figure 2.17: Diversification and GDP per Capita
Figure 2.18: Smallness and Remoteness
Figure 2.19: Educational Attainment of People 15 Years Old and Above, Fiji and Comparator Countries, 2010
Figure 2.20: Government Expenditure on Education, 1998-2011
Figure 2.21: Share of Spending by Education Levels in Total Public Spending on Education, 2011
Figure 2.22: Spending on Education, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 2.23: Firms Reporting an Inadequately Educated Workforce as the Biggest Obstacle to Business, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 2.24: Vehicles Registered, 2000-2013
Figure 2.25: Spending on Roads, 1990-2013
Figure 2.26: UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 2004 and 2014
Figure 2.27: Distance to the Frontier in Ease of Trading Across Borders, Fiji and Comparator Countries, 2005 and 2014
Figure 2.28: Electricity Generation
Figure 2.29: Electricity Tariff Rates in the Pacific, Fiji and Other Pacific Island Countries, 2010
Figure 2.30: Money Supply to GDP Ratio and GDP per Capita, Cross-Country Comparison
Figure 2.31a: Interest Rate Spreads, Fiji and Pacific Comparator Countries
Figure 2.31b: Interest Rate Spreads, Fiji and Non-Pacific Comparator Countries
Figure 2.32: Savings Rate in Selected Small Island Countries, 1980-2012
Figure 2.33a: Real Lending Interest Rates, Fiji and Pacific Comparator Economies
Figure 2.33b: Real Lending Interest Rates, Fiji and Non-Pacific Comparator Economies
Figure 2.34: Proportion of Firms that Identified Finance as an Impediment, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure B3.1.1: Diagnostic Framework for Constraints to Reducing Poverty and Inequality
Figure 3.1: Poverty Incidence Across Divisions by Urbanity, 2002/03 and 2008/09
Figure 3.2: Poverty Incidence Across Divisions by Ethnicity, 2002/03 and 2008/09
Figure 3.3: Poverty Incidence Curve by Urbanity, 2002/03 and 2008/09
Figure 3.4: Growth Incidence Curve by Urbanity
Figure 3.5: Growth Incidence Curve
Figure 3.6: Employed by Industry, Area, and Division, 2010/11
Figure 3.7: Share by Type of Activity, 2010/11
Figure 3.8: Employed by Employment Status, Area, and Division, 2010/11
Figure 3.9: Earnings in the Past 12 Months from Primary Job by Area and Division, 2010/11
Figure 3.10: Educational Attainment of Working-Age Population, 2008/09
Figure 3.11: Educational Attainment of Fijians Who Have Left School, 2008/09
Figure B3.2.1: Career Pathway through Fiji's Educatio n System
Figure 3.12: Prenatal and Delivery Care, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 3.13: Infant and Under-5 Mortality Rate by Division, 2009
Figure 3.14: Health Expenditure, 1995-2012
Figure 3.15: Average Household Expenditure on Health, 2009
Figure 3.16: Access to Improved Water Source and Sanitation Facilities, 1990 and 2012
Figure 3.17: Access to Telecommunication Services, 2008/09
Figure 3.18: Collateral Value, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Figure 4.1: Ethnic Composition of Population, 1881-2007
Figure 4.2: Economic Growth, 1970-2013
Tables
Table 1.1: Poverty Measures for Fiji and Selected Comparator Countries (% of population)
Table A1.1.1: Cost versus Market Access, Select ACP Countries and LDCs
Table A1.1.2: Productivity Indicators in World Sugar, Fiji and Select ACP Countries and LDCs, Average 2012-2013
Table 2.1: Starting a Business in 2014, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 2.2: Obtaining Construction Permits in 2014, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 2.3: Tax Rates and Administrative Burden in 2014, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 2.4: Key Performance Indicators of SOEs
Table 2.5: Enrollment Rates, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 2.6: Progression to Secondary Level, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 2.7: Road Statistics of Selected Countries
Table 2.8: Inventory of Roads, Bridges, and Public Jetties, 2014
Table 2.9: Land Transport Density, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 2.10: Ease of Trading Across Borders, Fiji and Comparator Countries, 2014
Table 2.11: Cost of Customs Clearance and Port and Terminal Handling, and Time Expended to Prepare Export and Import Documents, Fiji and Comparator Countries, 2014
Table 2.12: Air Transport Statistics, Fiji and Comparator Countries, 2000 and 2013
Table 2.13: Generation Levels and Tariffs in Asia and the Pacific Countries that Use Hydropower Extensively
Table 2.14: Indicators of Reliability of Electricity, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 2.15: Getting Electricity in 2014, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 2.16: Access to Information and Communication Technology Services, Fiji and Comparator Countries, per 100 people
Table 2.17: New FDI Projects
Table 2.18: Getting Credit in 2014, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 2.19: Summary of Diagnosis of Constraints to Growth in Fiji
Table 3.1: Poverty Gap, 2002/03 and 2008/09
Table 3.2: Poverty Incidence and Poverty Gap in Squatter Settlements and Urban Villages, 2008/09
Table 3.3: Distribution of the Poor at Various Regional Levels, 2008/09 (%)
Table 3.4: Labor Force Composition, 2004/05 and 2010/11
Table 3.5: Labor Force Participation Rate and Unemployment Rate by Geography, 2010/11 (%)
Table 3.6: Labor Force Participation Rate by Gender, Ethnicity, and Area, 2010/11 (%)
Table 3.7: Unemployment Rate by Gender, Ethnicity, and Area, 2010/11 (%)
Table 3.8: Youth Unemployment and Labor Force Participation Rate, 2010/11 (%)
Table 3.9: Distribution of Employed Persons in Formal and Informal Jobs by Demographic Group
Table 3.10: Distribution of Employed Persons by Industry and Formal and/or Informal Jobs, 2010/11
Table 3.11: Poverty by Employment Status of the Head of the Household
Table 3.12: Working for Money and Subsistence
Table 3.13: Workers Overseas and in the Domestic Labor Market
Table 3.14: Highest Level of and Change in Educational Attainment, 2004/05 and 2010/11
Table 3.15: MDG Targets for Achieving Universal Primary Education, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 3.16: School Attendance, 2008/09 (%)
Table 3.17: Unemployment Rate by Education Level, 2010/11 (%)
Table 3.18: Top Ten Causes of Mortality, 2013
Table 3.19: Health Outcomes, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 3.20: Malnutrition, Fiji and Comparator Countries (% of children under 5 years old)
Table 3.21: Access to Improved Water Source and Sanitation Facilities, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 3.22: Access to Financial Services and Account Penetration, Fiji and Comparator Countries
Table 3.23: Social Protection Index, Asia and the Pacific
Table 3.24: Summary of Diagnosis of Constraints to Reducing Poverty and Inequality
Annex Table 3.1: Poverty Incidence by Household Characteristic, 2008/09 (%)
Annex Table 3.2: Poverty Regression
Annex Table 3.3: Health Expenditure, Fiji and Comparator Countries, 2002-2012
Annex Table 3.4: Health Facilities and Workers, Fiji and Comparator Countries

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