Water Quality Instrumentation
Principles and Practice
Published on 24. September 2022
472 pages
978-1-57278-419-2 (ISBN)
Description
Water Quality Instrumentation provides both a theoretical explanation of how water sensors operate and a more practical discussion of how practitioners should deploy them to best effect. Readers will walk away with an enhanced understanding of the water instrumentation design, operation, and the chemistry that lies behind both, making it an invaluable resource for anyone who regularly deals with sensors-technicians and operators, researchers and engineers, and sales personnel in the water sector. The book's accessible, comprehensive approach to water instrumentation provides both a useful reference work on sensors and a jumping off point for those interested in true expertise on the topic.
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08/2022
Water Environment Federation,US
€277.80
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Content
- Front Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- About WEF
- Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Preface
- 1.0 References
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1.0 Definitions
- 2.0 The Elemental Truth
- 3.0 Molecules and Ions
- 4.0 Chemistry Reactions
- 5.0 Chemical Recipes
- 6.0 What Makes Chemistry "Go?"
- 7.0 References
- Chapter 2: Oxidation-Reduction Potential
- 1.0 Why Start with Oxidation-Reduction Potential?
- 2.0 What ORP Means
- 3.0 The Electrochemical Cell-Two Halves Make a Whole
- 4.0 What Really Happens at the Electrode
- 5.0 The Hydrogen Convention
- 6.0 The Nernst Equation
- 7.0 Construction of an ORP Sensor
- 7.1 The ORP Sensor on Paper
- 7.2 Constructing an Actual ORP Sensor
- 7.3 The Combination ORP Probe
- 7.4 The Differential Probe
- 8.0 Calibration and Mechanics
- 8.1 Why Calibration Is a One-Point Exercise
- 8.2 A Question of Accuracy
- 8.3 Why ORP Measurements Are Usually Very Slow
- 8.4 Why pH Measurements Are Temperature Compensated but ORP Measurements Are Not
- 9.0 The Connection Between pH and ORP?
- 10.0 ORP Applications
- 10.1 ORP to Monitor Disinfection
- 10.2 Monitoring Nitrification and Denitrification
- 10.3 Phosphorus Removal
- 10.4 Sulfide Removal
- 10.5 Methane Production
- 10.6 Redox Titration for Precise Measurement
- 10.7 Cyanide Destruction
- 10.8 Protection Against Corrosion
- 10.9 The Final Word
- 11.0 References
- Chapter 3: pH
- 1.0 The King of Sensors that is Misunderstood
- 2.0 Why a Proton Changes Everything
- 3.0 How a pH Probe Works
- 3.1 The Secret Ingredient of a pH Probe
- 3.2 The Connection Between the Nernst Equation and the pH Probe
- 3.3 Making the Nernst Equation Fit a Proton
- 3.4 Channeling the Inner Potential
- 3.5 Adapting to a Differential Probe
- 4.0 Revisiting Sensor Types
- 4.1 Separate Electrodes
- 4.2 The pH Combination Probe
- 4.3 The Differential pH Probe
- 5.0 Calibration
- 5.1 Two Points (or More)
- 5.2 Why Calibration Should Be Done at the Same Temperature as the Process
- 6.0 Things that Affect pH Measurement
- 6.1 It's the Activity, Not the Concentration
- 6.2 Temperature Compensation
- 6.3 A Temperature Effect That Is Real
- 6.4 Buffer Solutions
- 6.5 The Diffusion Potential at the Liquid Junction
- 6.6 The Ever-Changing Reference Electrode
- 6.7 The Process Electrode in Harm's Way
- 6.8 Diagnosing a Probe
- 7.0 The Curse of the Dreaded Ground Loop
- 7.1 The Key Word Is Loop
- 7.1.1 Induction
- 7.1.2 Common Mode Impedance Coupling
- 7.1.3 What to Do About Ground Loops
- 7.2 Further Abuse by Static Charge
- 7.3 Acid and Alkaline Error
- 7.4 Hydrofluoric Acid
- 7.5 The pH of Mixed Solvents
- 7.6 Summary of Probe Issues
- 8.0 Real World Applications for pH Measurement
- 8.1 Water Treatment
- 8.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment
- 8.3 Acid Mine Remediation
- 8.4 Corrosion
- 8.5 Metal Precipitation
- 8.6 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
- 8.7 Scaling-The Problem With High pH
- 8.8 Water Softening
- 8.9 Disinfection
- 8.10 Food and Dairy Production
- 8.11 Metal Plating
- 9.0 References
- Chapter 4: Conductivity
- 1.0 What it is and Why it Matters
- 2.0 Let'S Make a Model
- 2.1 Ohm's Law for Aqueous Solutions
- 2.2 From Resistance to Conductance to Conductivity
- 2.3 Conductivity in the Real World of Electrolytes
- 2.4 Relating Ion Properties to Conductivity Values
- 2.5 From Conductivity to Ion Mobility
- 2.6 Salinity-The Third Yardstick
- 2.7 Conductivity Examples
- 2.8 Temperature Dependence
- 3.0 Construction of a Conductivity Sensor
- 3.1 The Two Electrode Sensor
- 3.2 Just What Does the Cell Constant Mean?
- 3.2.1 The Wheatstone Bridge
- 3.2.2 The Analyzer With a Resistance Readout
- 3.2.3 The Reference Resistor
- 3.3 The Two-Electrode Analyzer
- 3.4 Linearity and Calibration
- 3.5 Why the Cable Matters
- 3.6 The Four Electrode Sensor
- 3.7 The Toroidal Conductivity Sensor
- 4.0 Real World Applications
- 4.1 Water Purity
- 4.2 Pure Water
- 4.3 Cooling Towers
- 4.4 Boiler Feedwater
- 4.5 Chemical Concentration
- 4.6 Conductometric Titration
- 4.7 Leak Detection
- 5.0 References
- Chapter 5: Dissolved Oxygen
- 1.0 Three Parameters that Affect Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
- 1.1 From Oxygen in the Air to Oxygen in the Water
- 1.2 Variation of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration With Air Pressure and Sea Level
- 1.3 Variation of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration With Temperature
- 1.4 Variation of Dissolved Oxygen With Dissolved Salts
- 1.5 Variation of Dissolved Oxygen With Relative Humidity
- 1.6 A Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Measures Partial Pressure, Not Concentration
- 2.0 The Grand Unified Theory of Electrochemical Sensors
- 3.0 The Dissolved Oxygen Amperometric Probe
- 3.1 The Clark Cell
- 3.2 Variations on the Clark Theme
- 3.3 Galvanic Sensor
- 3.4 The Key Role of Membranes
- 3.5 Temperature and Membranes
- 3.6 Clark or Galvanic?
- 3.7 Interferences
- 4.0 Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensors
- 4.1 The Weird World of Fluorescence
- 4.2 Ruthenium-The Secret Ingredient
- 4.3 Making a Difficult Measurement Easy
- 4.4 Why Calibration of the Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Is a One-Point Exercise
- 4.5 Comparison Between Electrochemical and Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensors
- 5.0 Calibration
- 6.0 Dissolved Oxygen Probes in the Real World
- 6.1 Biological Nutrient Removal
- 6.2 BOD Measurement
- 6.3 Boiler Water Deaeration
- 7.0 References
- Chapter 6: Free Chlorine
- 1.0 Hypochlorous Acid and Hypochlorite
- 2.0 Breakpoint Chlorination
- 3.0 The Dpd Analyzer
- 3.1 The Wondrous Wurster Red Dye
- 3.2 To Measure Total Chlorine Just Add Iodide (and Starch)
- 3.3 Titration Goes Better With Current Than Color
- 4.0 The Amperometric Chlorine Analyzer
- 4.1 The Two-Electrode Sensor
- 4.2 Total Chlorine
- 4.3 The Potentiostatic (Three-Electrode) Sensor
- 5.0 Interferences and Other Sources of Error
- 6.0 How do ORP Measurements Stack Up Against Free Chlorine Measurements?
- 7.0 Chlorine Alternatives
- 7.1 Chlorine's Achilles Heel
- 7.2 Monochloramine
- 7.3 Chlorine Dioxide
- 7.4 Peracetic Acid
- 7.5 Ozone
- 7.6 UV and Advanced Oxidation Processes
- 8.0 References
- Chapter 7: Turbidity
- 1.0 Solids in the Water
- 2.0 How Light Interacts With Suspended Solids
- 2.1 Photons and Particles
- 2.2 (Particle) Size Matters
- 2.3 Light Scattering
- 3.0 Why Turbidity is in the Eyes of the Beholder (or the Method)
- 4.0 Different Strategies for Quantifying Turbidity
- 4.1 The Secchi Disk
- 4.2 The Jackson Turbidimeter
- 4.3 A Better Way to Measure Scattering
- 4.4 Turbidity Units and Standards
- 5.0 Modern Turbidimeter Design
- 5.1 The Standard Nephelometric Turbidimeter
- 5.2 The Near Infrared Alternative
- 5.3 Sources of Error
- 5.4 The Ratio Turbidimeter
- 5.5 The Four-Beam Turbidimeter
- 5.6 Keeping the Units Straight
- 5.7 The Submersible (or In Situ) Turbidimeter
- 5.8 Other Turbidimeter Designs and Methods
- 6.0 Turbidity in Practice
- 6.1 Drinking Water
- 6.2 Pathogen Detection
- 6.3 Groundwater
- 6.4 Surface Water
- 7.0 TSS Measurements and Turbidity
- 8.0 References
- Chapter 8: Advanced Electrochemical Sensors-ISEs and Voltammetry
- 1.0 Ion Selective Electrodes
- 1.1 Back to the Nernst Equation
- 1.2 Ionic Sites-The Neglected Costars of Potentiometry
- 1.3 It's the Activity, Not the Concentration (Again)
- 1.4 Selectivity-The Lower Limit
- 1.5 Donnan Failure-The Upper Limit
- 1.6 Construction of an Ion Selective Electrode
- 1.7 Glass ISEs
- 1.8 Crystalline (Solid State) ISEs-The Fluoride Sensor
- 1.9 Polymer Membrane ISEs-The Potassium and Ammonia Sensors
- 1.10 Calibration
- 1.11 Measurement-Direct or Incremental
- 2.0 The pH ISFET
- 2.1 Limitations
- 3.0 Voltammetry
- 3.1 Amperometry With a Third Dimension
- 3.2 Linear Sweep Voltammetry
- 3.3 Extracting the Standard Potential and Concentration From Voltammogram
- 3.4 A Real Example
- 3.5 The Voltametric Advantage
- 3.6 Polarography
- 3.7 Variations on a Pulse
- 3.8 Cyclic Voltammetry
- 3.9 Stripping Voltammetry
- 3.10 Rotating Disc Electrode (Hydrodynamic Voltammetry)
- 3.11 Ion Transfer Stripping Voltammetry
- 3.12 Summary and Comparison
- 4.0 References
- Chapter 9: Organic Matter
- 1.0 From Bod to Cod
- 2.0 Toc-Burn and Measure
- 2.1 Making Carbon Dioxide From Carbon Compounds
- 2.1.1 UV Oxidation
- 2.1.2 Supercritical Water Oxidation
- 2.2 Detection of CO2
- 2.3 Calibration
- 2.4 Surrogate Measurements With UV Absorption
- 3.0 From 254 NM to Beyond-Spectroscopy
- 3.1 The Spectrometer
- 3.2 Spectroscopy of Water
- 3.3 The Spectral Analyzer
- 3.4 Chemometrics to the Rescue
- 4.0 References
- Index
