Design of Urban Stormwater Controls

Name: Design of Urban Stormwater Controls | MOP 23
Brand: Water Environment Federation
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MOP 23

Water Environment Federation(Author)

Water Environment Federation (Publisher)

Published on 26. July 2022

762 pages

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978-1-57278-432-1 (ISBN)

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Description

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Content

Front Cover
Title Page
Half Title
Copyright
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Urban Stormwater Management Overview
2.0 References
Chapter 2: EFfects of Stormwater on Receiving Waters
1.0 Effects of Urbanization on Water Quantity
2.0 Effects of Stormwater Control Practices on Water Quantity
3.0 Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality
4.0 Effects of Stormwater Control Practices on Water Quality
5.0 Effects of Urbanization on Channel Form
6.0 Effects of Stormwater Control Practices on Channel Form
7.0 Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Biota
8.0 Effects of Stormwater Control Practices on Aquatic Biota
9.0 Summary
10.0 References
11.0 Suggested Readings
Chapter 3: Performance Goals for Stormwater Controls
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Basic Concepts of Stormwater Control
1.2 Relationship between Stormwater Control Objectives and Performance Goals
1.2.1 Groundwater Recharge and Evapotranspiration
1.2.2 Water Quality
1.2.3 Channel Protection
1.2.4 Overbank Flood Protection
1.2.5 Extreme Flood Protection
1.3 Methods for Establishing Performance Criteria
2.0 Methods for Establishing Watershed-Based Performance Criteria
3.0 Methods for Establishing Technology-Based Performance Criteria
3.1 Step 1: Establish Goals
3.2 Step 2: Define the Desired Level of Control
3.2.1 Groundwater Recharge and Evapotranspiration Level of Control
3.2.2 Water Quality Level of Control
3.2.3 Channel Protection Level of Control
3.2.4 Level of Control for Large, Infrequent Storms
3.3 Step 3: Select Design Precipitation
3.3.1 Large, Infrequent Storms
3.3.2 Small, Frequent Storms
3.3.2.1 Cumulative Probability Distributions
3.3.2.2 Mean Annual Runoff-Producing Rainfall
3.4 Step 4: Define Capture Volumes and Release Rates
3.4.1 Large, Infrequent Storms
3.4.2 Small, Frequent Storms
3.4.2.1 Water Quality Volume Calculation
3.4.2.2 Water Quality Treatment Rate
4.0 A Note About Water Quality Treatment Effectiveness
5.0 Concluding Remarks
6.0 References
Chapter 4: Unit Processes and Operations for Stormwater Control
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Application of Unit Processes and Operations Concepts
2.1 Unit Processes
2.2 Unit Operations
2.3 Systems
2.4 Taxonomy of Stormwater Controls
3.0 Unit Processes for Quantity Control
3.1 Peak Flow Attenuation
3.1.1 Storage Attenuation
3.1.2 Hydrodynamic Attenuation
3.2 Runoff Volume Reduction
3.2.1 Infiltration
3.2.2 Dispersion
3.2.3 Evapotranspiration
3.2.3.1 Evaporation from Interception
3.2.3.2 Evaporation from Depression Storage
3.2.3.3 Surface Evaporation
3.2.3.4 Plant Transpiration
3.2.4 Runoff Collection and Usage
4.0 Unit Processes for Quality Control
4.1 Sedimentation
4.1.1 Stokes's Law
4.1.2 Hydraulic Loading Rate and Residence Time
4.1.3 Hydraulic Efficiency
4.2 Flotation
4.3 Laminar Separation
4.4 Swirl Concentration
4.5 Sorption
4.5.1 Types of Sorption
4.5.2 Sorption Capacity
4.6 Precipitation
4.6.1 Natural Precipitation
4.6.2 Chemical Precipitation
4.7 Coagulation
4.7.1 Natural Coagulation
4.7.2 Chemical Coagulation
4.8 Filtration
4.9 Biological Processes
4.9.1 Biological Forms
4.9.1.1 Aquatic Plants
4.9.1.2 Terrestrial Plants
4.9.1.3 Bacteria
4.9.1.4 Algae
4.9.2 Plant Metabolism
4.9.3 Nitrification and Denitrification
4.9.4 Other Biological Unit Processes
4.10 Temperature Reduction
4.11 Disinfection
4.12 Screening
5.0 Concluding Remarks
6.0 References
7.0 Suggested Readings
Chapter 5: Selection Criteria and Design Considerations
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Understanding Goals and Design Criteria
2.1 Planning Considerations
2.2 Goals for Stormwater Management
2.2.1 Federal Regulations
2.2.2 Municipal Regulations
2.3 Enforcement
3.0 Understanding and Protecting Site Resources
3.1 Headwater Streams
3.2 Wetlands
3.3 Floodplains
3.4 Riparian Buffers
3.5 Existing Forests and Vegetation
3.6 Native Soil Structure
3.7 Steep Slopes
4.0 Identification of Source Controls
4.1 Runoff Source Controls
4.1.1 Elimination or Disconnection of Impervious Surfaces
4.1.2 Pervious Area Management
4.1.3 Vegetation Management
4.1.4 Rainwater Harvesting
4.2 Pollutant Source Control
4.2.1 Segregation
4.2.2 Material and Waste Management
4.2.3 Cleanup
4.2.4 Street Sweeping
4.3 Runoff Conveyance and Diversions
5.0 Selection of Structural Controls
5.1 System Configuration Principles
5.1.1 Pretreatment
5.1.2 Storage and Flow Control
5.1.3 Pollutant Removal
5.2 Constraints
5.2.1 Physical Constraints
5.2.1.1 Drainage Area
5.2.1.2 Land Area Requirements
5.2.1.3 Topography
5.2.1.4 Site Slope
5.2.1.5 Geology (Karst)
5.2.1.6 Depth to Bedrock
5.2.1.7 Water Table
5.2.1.8 Soils
5.2.1.9 Climate
5.2.2 Construction and Maintenance Constraints
5.2.2.1 Complexity
5.2.2.2 Maintenance Requirements
5.2.2.3 Construction Access
5.2.2.4 Utility and Road Conflicts
5.2.3 Environmental Factors and Permitting
5.2.3.1 Forests
5.2.3.2 Wetlands
5.2.3.3 Instream Flows
5.2.3.4 Discharge Temperature
5.2.3.5 Beaches and Shellfish Beds
5.2.3.6 Reservoirs
5.2.3.7 Floodplains
5.2.3.8 Aquifers
5.2.3.9 Urban Habitat Modification
5.2.4 Social
5.2.4.1 Land Ownership
5.2.4.2 Health and Safety
5.2.4.3 Aesthetics and Amenity Usage
5.2.4.4 Effects on Adjacent Land Use
5.2.4.5 Education and Stewardship Opportunities
6.0 Implementation and Performance Monitoring
6.1 Construction Sequencing and Inspection
6.2 Monitoring
6.2.1 Pollutant Removal
6.2.2 Quantity Control
7.0 References
8.0 Suggested Readings
Chapter 6: Basins
1.0 Description
2.0 Design Principles
2.1 Sediment Storage Considerations
2.2 Basin Geometry
2.3 Physical Site Suitability
3.0 Cisterns and Rain Barrels
3.1 Typical Applications
3.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
3.1.2 Water Quantity Control
3.1.3 Water Quality Control
3.2 Limitations
3.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
3.3.1 Typical Configurations
3.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
3.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
3.3.4 Outlet Structure
3.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
3.5 Access and Maintenance Features
4.0 Forebays
4.1 Typical Applications
4.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
4.1.2 Water Quantity Control
4.1.3 Water Quality Control
4.2 Limitations
4.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
4.3.1 Typical Configurations
4.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
4.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
4.3.4 Outlet Structure
4.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
4.5 Access and Maintenance Features
5.0 Vaults and Swirl Concentrators
5.1 Typical Applications
5.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
5.1.2 Water Quantity Control
5.1.3 Water Quality Control
5.2 Limitations
5.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
5.3.1 Typical Configurations
5.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
5.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
5.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
5.5 Access and Maintenance Features
6.0 Oil and Water Separators
6.1 Typical Applications
6.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
6.1.2 Water Quantity Control
6.1.3 Water Quality Control
6.2 Limitations
6.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
6.3.1 Typical Configurations
6.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
6.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
6.3.3.1 Sizing
6.3.3.2 Sizing American Petroleum Institute Separators
6.3.3.3 Sizing Coalescing Plate Separators
6.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
6.5 Access and Maintenance Features
7.0 Dry Basins
7.1 Typical Applications
7.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
7.1.2 Water Quantity Control
7.1.3 Water Quality Control
7.2 Limitations
7.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
7.3.1 Typical Configurations
7.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
7.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
7.3.3.1 Determining Water Quality Volume
7.3.3.2 Hydrograph Routing
7.3.3.3 Two-Stage Design
7.3.3.4 Basin Side Slopes
7.3.3.5 Low-Flow Channel
7.3.3.6 Basin Embankment
7.3.3.7 Vegetation
7.3.4 Outlet Structure
7.3.4.1 Single Orifice
7.3.4.2 Outlets for Hybrid Dry-Wet Basins
7.3.4.3 T-Weir Outlet
7.3.4.4 Perforated Riser
7.3.4.5 Skimmers
7.3.4.6 Sand and Bioretention Filters
7.3.4.7 Mechanical Outlets
7.3.4.8 Gross Solids Control
7.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
7.5 Access and Maintenance Features
7.6 Dry Basin Design Example
7.6.1 Basic Site Data
7.6.2 Define Hydrologic Characteristics of the Site for Flood Protection
7.6.2.1 Composite Curve Number Calculation
7.6.2.2 Time of Concentration Calculation
7.6.2.3 Determine Feasibility of a Dry Basin
7.6.3 Design Steps
7.6.3.1 Step 1: Find Rainfall Depth and Distribution Data for the Site
7.6.3.2 Step 2: Compute Predevelopment and Postdevelopment Peak Rates of Runoff
7.6.3.3 Step 3: Compute Water Quality Volume
7.6.3.4 Step 4: Determine Preliminary Geometry and Sizing of the Dry Basin
7.6.3.5 Step 5: Size the Outlet for Water Quality Volume
7.6.3.6 Step 6: Size the Flood Protection Outlets
7.6.3.7 Step 7: Size the Forebay
7.6.3.8 Step 8: Size the Micropool
8.0 Wet Basins
8.1 Typical Applications
8.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
8.1.1.1 Perennial and Seasonal Permanent Pools
8.1.1.2 Drainage Area
8.1.1.3 Receiving Water Quality Issues
8.1.1.4 Groundwater
8.1.1.5 Baseflow Quality
8.1.1.6 Upstream Pollutant Sources
8.1.1.7 Site Conditions .
8.1.2 Water Quantity Control
8.1.3 Water Quality Control
8.2 Limitations
8.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
8.3.1 Typical Configurations
8.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
8.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
8.3.3.1 Sizing for Water Quality Treatment
8.3.3.2 Solids-Settling Design Method
8.3.3.3 Phosphorus Removal Design Method
8.3.3.4 Depth of Permanent Pool
8.3.3.5 Side Slopes along the Shoreline and Vegetation
8.3.3.6 Live Detention Zone above the Permanent Pool
8.3.3.7 Minimum and Maximum Drainage Areas
8.3.3.8 Basin Geometry
8.3.3.9 Soil Hydraulic Conductivity
8.3.4 Outlet Structure
8.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
8.5 Access and Maintenance Features
9.0 Wetlands
9.1 Typical Applications
9.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
9.1.2 Water Quantity Control
9.1.3 Water Quality Control
9.2 Limitations
9.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
9.3.1 Typical Configurations
9.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
9.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
9.3.3.1 Sizing the Permanent Pool
9.3.3.2 Sizing the Live Pool
9.3.3.3 Vegetation
9.3.3.4 Side Slopes
9.3.3.5 Construction
9.3.4 Outlet Structure
9.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
9.5 Access and Maintenance Features
10.0 References
11.0 Suggested Readings
Chapter 7: Swales and Strips
1.0 Description
2.0 Basic Design Principles
2.1 Typical Applications
2.2 Limitations
2.3 Design Criteria
3.0 Swales
3.1 Typical Applications
3.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
3.1.2 Water Quantity Control
3.1.3 Water Quality Control
3.2 Limitations
3.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
3.3.1 Typical Configuration
3.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
3.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
3.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
3.5 Access and Maintenance Features
3.6 Design Example
3.6.1 Preliminary Steps
3.6.2 Design for Swale Capacity
3.6.3 Check for Stability to Reduce Erosion
4.0 Strips
4.1 Typical Applications
4.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
4.1.2 Water Quantity Control
4.1.3 Water Quality Control
4.2 Limitations
4.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
4.3.1 Typical Configuration
4.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
4.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
4.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
4.5 Access and Maintenance Features
4.6 Design Example
5.0 References
6.0 Suggested Readings
Chapter 8: Filters
1.0 Description
2.0 Design Principles
2.1 Sizing the Filter
2.2 Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity
2.3 Pretreatment
2.4 Underdrains
2.5 Design of the Filter Bed
2.6 Outlet Structures
2.7 Maintenance Considerations
3.0 Surface Sand Filter
3.1 Typical Applications
3.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
3.1.2 Water Quantity Control
3.1.3 Water Quality Control
3.2 Limitations
3.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
3.3.1 Typical Configurations
3.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
3.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
3.3.4 Filter Media
3.3.5 Outlet Structure
3.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
3.5 Access and Maintenance Features
3.6 Sand Filter Design Example
3.6.1 Given Information
3.6.2 Sand Filter Sizing
4.0 Subsurface Sand Filter
4.1 Typical Applications
4.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
4.1.2 Water Quantity Control
4.1.3 Water Quality Control
4.2 Limitations
4.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
4.3.1 Typical Configurations
4.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
4.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
4.3.4 Outlet Structure
4.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
4.5 Access and Maintenance Features
5.0 Bioretention Filter
5.1 Typical Applications
5.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
5.1.2 Water Quantity Control
5.1.3 Water Quality Control
5.2 Limitations
5.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
5.3.1 Typical Configurations
5.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
5.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
5.3.3.1 Mulch
5.3.3.2 Filter Media
5.3.3.3 Vegetation
5.3.4 Outlet Structure
5.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
5.5 Access and Maintenance Features
5.6 Bioretention Filter Design Example
5.6.1 Given Information
5.6.2 Bioretention Filter Sizing
6.0 Landscaped Roofs
6.1 Typical Applications
6.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
6.1.2 Water Quantity Control
6.1.3 Water Quality Control
6.2 Limitations
6.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
6.3.1 Typical Configurations
6.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
6.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
6.3.4 Outlet Structure
6.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
6.5 Access and Maintenance Features
7.0 Drain Inlet Inserts
7.1 Typical Applications
7.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
7.1.2 Water Quantity Control
7.1.3 Water Quality Control
7.2 Limitations
7.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
7.3.1 Typical Configurations
7.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
7.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
7.3.4 Outlet Structure
7.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
7.5 Access and Maintenance Features
8.0 Manufactured Filters
8.1 Typical Applications
8.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
8.1.2 Water Quantity Control
8.1.3 Water Quality Control
8.2 Limitations
8.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
8.3.1 Typical Configurations
8.3.2 Pretreatment and Main Treatment Units
8.3.3 Outlet Structure
8.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
8.5 Access and Maintenance Features
9.0 Subsurface Gravel Wetland
9.1 Typical Applications
9.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
9.1.2 Water Quantity Control
9.1.3 Water Quality Control
9.2 Limitations
9.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
9.3.1 Typical Configurations
9.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
9.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
9.3.4 Outlet Structure
9.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
9.5 Access and Maintenance Features
9.6 Subsurface Gravel Wetland Design Example
9.6.1 Given Information
9.6.2 Subsurface Gravel Wetland Sizing
10.0 References
Chapter 9: Infiltrators
1.0 Description
2.0 Design Principles
2.1 Physical Site Suitability
2.2 Hydraulic Control
2.3 Unit Processes
2.4 Limitations
2.5 Design Capture Volume
2.6 Soil Infiltration and Storage Properties
2.7 Arid or Semiarid Climates
2.8 Cold Climates
2.9 Groundwater Contamination Potential
2.10 Karst Terrain
2.11 Urban Soils
2.12 Estimating the Life Span of Infiltrators
3.0 Infiltration Basins
3.1 Typical Applications
3.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
3.1.2 Water Quantity Control
3.1.3 Water Quality Control
3.2 Limitations
3.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
3.3.1 Typical Configurations
3.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
3.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
3.3.4 Outlet Structure
3.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
3.5 Access and Maintenance Features
3.6 Design Example
4.0 Infiltration Trenches And Vaults
4.1 Typical Applications
4.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
4.1.2 Water Quantity Control
4.1.3 Water Quality Control
4.2 Limitations
4.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
4.3.1 Typical Configurations
4.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
4.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
4.3.4 Outlet Structure
4.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
4.5 Access and Maintenance Features
4.6 Design Example
5.0 Dry Wells
5.1 Typical Applications
5.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
5.1.2 Water Quantity Control
5.1.3 Water Quality Control
5.2 Limitations
5.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
5.3.1 Typical Configurations
5.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
5.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
5.3.4 Outlet Structure
5.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
5.5 Access and Maintenance Features
6.0 Permeable Pavement
6.1 Typical Applications
6.1.1 Physical Site Suitability
6.1.2 Water Quantity Control
6.1.3 Water Quality Control
6.2 Limitations
6.3 Design Procedure and Criteria
6.3.1 Typical Configurations
6.3.2 Pretreatment Unit
6.3.3 Main Treatment Unit
6.3.4 Outlet Structure
6.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
6.5 Access and Maintenance Features
7.0 References
8.0 Suggested Readings
Chapter 10: Gross Pollutant Traps and Mechanical Operations
1.0 Basic Design Principles
1.1 Description
1.2 Typical Applications
1.2.1 Physical Site Suitability
1.2.2 Water Quantity Control
1.2.3 Water Quality Control
1.3 Limitations
1.4 Access
1.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
2.0 Screens
2.1 Description
2.2 Typical Applications
2.2.1 Physical Site Suitability
2.2.2 Water Quantity Control
2.2.3 Water Quality Control
2.3 Limitations
2.4 Design Procedure and Criteria
2.4.1 Typical Configurations
2.4.2 Pretreatment Unit
2.4.3 Main Treatment Unit
2.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
2.6 Access and Maintenance Features
3.0 Nets
3.1 Description
3.2 Typical Applications
3.2.1 Physical Site Suitability
3.2.2 Water Quantity Control
3.2.3 Water Quality Control
3.3 Limitations
3.4 Design Procedure and Criteria
3.4.1 Typical Configurations
3.4.2 Pretreatment Unit
3.4.3 Main Treatment Unit
3.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
3.6 Access and Maintenance Features
4.0 Baskets
4.1 Description
4.2 Typical Applications
4.2.1 Physical Site Suitability
4.2.2 Water Quantity Control
4.2.3 Water Quality Control
4.3 Limitations
4.4 Design Procedure and Criteria
4.4.1 Typical Configurations
4.4.2 Pretreatment Unit
4.4.3 Main Treatment Unit
4.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
4.6 Access and Maintenance Features
5.0 Racks
5.1 Description
5.2 Typical Applications
5.2.1 Physical Site Suitability
5.2.2 Water Quantity Control
5.2.3 Water Quality Control
5.3 Limitations
5.4 Design Procedure and Criteria
5.4.1 Typical Configurations
5.4.2 Pretreatment Unit
5.4.3 Main Treatment Unit
5.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
5.6 Access and Maintenance Features
5.7 Design Example
6.0 Hoods
6.1 Description
6.2 Typical Applications
6.2.1 Physical Site Suitability
6.2.2 Water Quantity Control
6.2.3 Water Quality Control
6.3 Limitations
6.4 Design Procedure and Criteria
6.4.1 Typical Configurations
6.4.2 Pretreatment Unit
6.4.3 Main Treatment Unit
6.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations
6.6 Access and Maintenance Features
6.7 Design Example
7.0 References
Chapter 11: Maintenance of Stormwater Controls
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Maintenance Requirements and Level of Effort
1.2.1 Maintenance Drivers
1.2.2 Maintenance Categories and Levels
2.0 General Maintenance Considerations
2.1 Inspection Programs
2.2 As-Built Drawings
2.3 Effects of Construction Activities on Stormwater Control Maintenance
2.4 Vegetation Management
2.5 Sediment Accumulation, Removal, and Disposal
2.6 Liquid Removal and Disposal
2.7 Role of Stormwater Systems and Pretreatment
2.8 Vector and Pest Management
2.9 Privately Owned Low-Impact Development Systems
3.0 Detailed Guidelines for Stormwater Control Maintenance
3.1 Maintenance of Vegetated Swales and Strips
3.1.1 Inspections
3.1.2 Vegetation Management
3.1.3 Litter Management
3.1.4 Intermittent Maintenance
3.2 Basin Maintenance
3.2.1 Wet Basin and Wetland Maintenance
3.2.1.1 Inspections
3.2.1.2 Vegetation Management
3.2.1.3 Litter Management
3.2.1.4 Vector Control
3.2.1.5 Intermittent Facility Maintenance
3.2.2 Dry Basin Maintenance
3.2.2.1 Inspection
3.2.2.2 Vegetation Management
3.2.2.3 Litter Management
3.2.2.4 Vector Control
3.2.2.5 Intermittent Facility Maintenance
3.2.3 Swirl Concentrators and Vaults
3.3 Filter Maintenance
3.3.1 Media Filters
3.3.1.1 Inspection, Reporting, and Information Management
3.3.1.2 Vegetation Management
3.3.1.3 Trash and Minor Debris Removal
3.3.1.4 Intermittent Maintenance
3.3.2 Bioretention Filters
3.3.2.1 Inspection, Reporting, and Information Management
3.3.2.2 Vegetation Management
3.3.2.3 Trash and Minor Debris Removal
3.3.2.4 Intermittent Maintenance
3.3.3 Inlet Baskets
3.3.4 Landscaped Roofs
3.4 Infiltrator Maintenance
3.4.1 Infiltration Trench
3.4.1.1 Inspection, Reporting, and Information Management
3.4.1.2 Trash and Minor Sediment and Debris Removal
3.4.1.3 Sediment Removal
3.4.2 Infiltration Basin
3.4.3 Pervious Pavement
3.4.3.1 Inspection, Reporting, and Information Management
3.4.3.2 Street Vacuuming and Trash and Minor Debris Removal
3.4.3.3 Intermittent Facility Maintenance
3.5 Catch Basin Cleaning
4.0 Conclusions
5.0 References
Chapter 12: Whole Life Cost of Stormwater Controls
1.0 Whole Life Cost Model
2.0 Capital Costs
2.1 Approach
2.2 Cost Components
2.3 Capital Cost Influences
2.3.1 Project Scale and Unit Costs
2.3.2 Retrofits versus New Construction
2.3.3 Regulatory Requirements
2.3.4 Public versus Private Design and Construction
2.3.5 Flexibility in Site Selection and Site Suitability
2.3.6 Partnerships with Others
2.3.7 Level of Experience of Both Agency and Contractors
2.3.8 State of the Economy at the Time of Construction
2.3.9 Water Quantity Design Criteria
2.3.10 Water Quality Design Criteria
2.3.11 Geography
2.3.12 Land Allocation and Costs
2.3.13 Soil Type and Groundwater Vulnerability
2.3.14 Material Availability
2.3.15 Planting
2.3.16 Opportunity Costs
3.0 Capital Costs for Various Stormwater Controls
3.1 Basin Capital Cost
3.1.1 Wet Basins and Wetlands
3.1.1.1 Simple Cost Ranges Based on Drainage Area
3.1.1.2 Regression Relationships Using Existing Data
3.1.1.3 Engineering Estimates
3.1.2 Dry Basins
3.2 Infiltrator Capital Costs
3.2.1 Infiltration Trench
3.2.2 Infiltration Basin
3.2.3 Pervious Pavement
3.3 Capital Costs of Vegetated Swales and Strips
3.4 Filter Capital Costs
3.4.1 Media Filter
3.4.2 Bioretention Filter
4.0 Maintenance Costs for Various Stormwater Controls
4.1 Factors Affecting Cost Estimates
4.2 Vegetated Swales and Strips
4.3 Basins
4.3.1 Wet Basins and Wetlands
4.3.2 Dry Basins
4.4 Swirl Concentrators and Vaults
4.5 Media Filters
4.6 Bioretention Filters
5.0 Whole Life Cost Summary
5.1 Vegetated Swales and Strips
5.2 Basins
5.2.1 Wet Basins and Wetlands
5.2.2 Dry Basins
5.3 Filters
5.3.1 Media Filter
5.3.2 Bioretention Filter
5.4 Infiltrator Facilities
5.4.1 Infiltration Trench
5.4.2 Infiltration Basin
5.4.3 Pervious Pavement
6.0 Whole Life Cost Comparison
7.0 Effect of Stormwater Systems on Whole Life Cost
8.0 References
Chapter 13: Performance Assessment
1.0 Introduction
1.1 General Overview
1.1.1 Hydrologic Improvement
1.1.2 Water Quality Improvement
1.2 Practical Considerations
2.0 Overview of Assessment Plan Development
2.1 Formulate Objectives Based on Goals
2.2 Formulate Criteria or Metrics for Satisfying the Objectives
2.3 Establish Assessment Method and Tools
2.4 Establish Data Needs
2.5 Develop Monitoring Plan to Collect Data
3.0 Overview of Assessment Plan Implementation
3.1 Collect Data
3.2 Evaluate Data for Quality and Usefulness
3.3 Apply Data to Assess Performance
3.4 Reporting
4.0 Formulating Objectives and Assessment Criteria or Metrics
4.1 Considerations for Evaluating Stormwater Control Performance
4.1.1 Information Requirements
4.1.2 Background Information
4.1.3 Physical Layout
4.1.4 Study Period
4.2 Implication of Stormwater Control Types
4.3 Typical Objectives
4.4 Examples of Criteria or Metrics
5.0 Assessment Methods
5.1 Qualitative Methods
5.1.1 Scatter Plot
5.1.2 Box-and-Whisker Plot
5.1.3 Effluent Probability Method
5.2 Quantitative Methods
5.2.1 Normal Distribution and Normality Tests
5.2.1.1 Probability Plot
5.2.1.2 Chi-Square (X2) Test
5.2.1.3 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
5.2.1.4 Shapiro-Wilk Test
5.2.1.5 Anderson-Darling Test
5.2.2 Equality of Variance
5.2.2.1 F Test
5.2.2.2 Bartlett's Test
5.2.2.3 Levene's Test
5.3 Parametric Analysis of Variance
5.3.1 Regression Analysis
5.3.2 T Test
5.4 Nonparametric Methods
5.4.1 Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test
5.4.2 Kruskal-Wallis H Test
5.4.3 Performance Expectation Functions
6.0 Data and Informational Needs
6.1 Types of Parameters
6.1.1 Hydrologic and Hydraulic
6.1.2 Chemical
6.1.3 Physical
6.1.4 Biological
6.1.5 Qualitative
6.1.6 Other Relevant Factors
6.2 Parameters of Interest
6.3 Estimating Minimal Amount of Information
6.4 Existing Data
6.5 Identifying Data Gaps
7.0 Performance Assessment Plan
7.1 Available Resources
7.1.1 Cost
7.1.2 Personnel Resources
7.1.3 Schedule
7.1.4 Additional Considerations
7.1.4.1 Analytical Reporting Limits
7.1.4.2 Representing Quality
7.1.4.3 Sampling: Manual versus Automatic
7.2 Plan Optimization
7.3 Defining Plan Elements
7.3.1 Data Quality Objectives
7.3.2 Monitoring Locations
7.3.2.1 Upstream
7.3.2.2 Downstream
7.3.2.3 Intermediate
7.3.2.4 Overflows and Bypasses
7.3.2.5 Intra
7.3.2.6 Precipitation
7.3.2.7 Groundwater
7.3.2.8 Site Selection
7.3.3 Methods and Equipment
7.3.3.1 Hydraulic and Hydrology Parameters
7.3.3.2 Chemical
7.3.3.3 Physical
7.3.3.4 Biological
7.3.3.5 Qualitative
7.3.3.6 Operations and Maintenance
7.3.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
7.3.5 Validation and Management
7.3.6 Health and Safety
7.3.7 Plan Documentation
8.0 Plan Implementation
8.1 Training
8.2 Site Preparation
8.3 Pre-Event Preparation
8.4 Event Monitoring
8.5 Validation of Collected Information and Data
8.6 Plan Assessment
9.0 Reporting Stormwater Control Performance
9.1 Useful Graphical Presentations
9.2 Typical Discussion Points
9.3 Data Reporting Formats
10.0 Statistical Analysis
10.1 Example 1
10.1.1 Qualitative Assessment
10.1.2 Quantitative Assessment
10.1.2.1 Testing Assumptions
10.1.2.2 Difference between Influent and Effluent
10.1.2.3 Conclusions
10.2 Example 2
10.2.1 Qualitative Assessment
10.2.2 Quantitative Assessment
10.2.2.1 Testing Assumptions
10.2.2.2 Difference between Influent and Effluent
10.2.2.3 Conclusions
10.3 Example 3
10.3.1 Qualitative Assessment
10.3.2 Quantitative Assessment
10.3.2.1 Testing Assumptions
10.3.2.2 Difference between Influent and Effluent
10.3.2.3 Conclusions
11.0 References
Chapter 14: Analytical Tools for Simulation of Stormwater Controls
1.0 Introduction-Modeling Needs
2.0 Modeling Processes in Stormwater Controls
2.1 Modeling of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Processes
2.1.1 Evapotranspiration
2.1.2 Infiltration
2.1.3 Depression Storage
2.1.4 Flow Routing
2.1.4.1 Peak Inflow Computation
2.1.4.2 Continuous Flow Routing
2.2 Modeling of Water Quality Processes
3.0 Conceptual Models for Stormwater Controls
3.1 Basins
3.1.1 Wet and Dry Basins
3.1.2 Wetlands
3.2 Gross Pollutant Traps
3.3 Drain Inlet Inserts
3.4 Swales and Strips
3.5 Swirl Concentrators
3.6 Vaults
3.7 Forebays
3.8 Cisterns
3.9 Filters
3.10 Landscaped Roofs
3.11 Bioretention
3.12 Pervious Pavements
4.0 Modeling Approaches
4.1 Hydrologic Models .
4.2 Unit Process Models for Stormwater Controls
4.3 Usefulness, Appropriateness, and Reasonableness
4.4 Analytical and Empirical Equations
4.4.1 Urban Hydrology
4.4.2 Water Quality
4.5 Spreadsheet Models
4.6 Models for Individual Controls
4.7 Catchment Models
4.7.1 Source Loading and Management Model
4.7.2 Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualization
4.7.3 Program for Predicting Polluting Particle Passage through Pits, Puddles, and Ponds (P8)
4.7.4 Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran
4.7.5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model
4.8 Model Reviews
5.0 Selection of a Stormwater Control Model
5.1 Modeling Objectives
5.2 Hydrologic Processes
5.3 Model Scope
5.4 Intended Use
5.5 Modeler Experience
5.6 Complexity
5.7 Spatial and Temporal Considerations
5.8 Performance Considerations
5.9 Preprocessing and Postprocessing Utilities
5.10 Guidance on Model Selection Using a Case Study
6.0 Data Needs
6.1 National Data Sources
6.2 Quality Assurance Program Plans
6.3 Additional Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation
6.3.1 Rainfall
6.3.2 Surface Slope and Roughness
6.3.3 Imperviousness
6.3.4 Water Quality Characterization
7.0 Model Application
7.1 Calibration Process
7.1.1 Data Analysis
7.1.2 Model Construction
7.1.3 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Model Calibration and Validation
7.1.4 Water Quality Model Calibration
7.2 Guidance on Calibration Criteria
7.3 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses
7.4 Single Events and Continuous Simulation
7.5 Guidance for Performance Assessment of Individual versus Integrated Controls
7.6 Modeling Operation and Maintenance of Stormwater Controls
7.7 Usefulness and Applicability
7.8 Cost Considerations
7.9 Selection of Controls in a Watershed Context
7.10 Role of Optimization and Decision Support Systems
8.0 Case Studies
8.1 Site-Scale or Subwatershed Example
8.2 Comprehensive Watershed-Scale Example
9.0 Recent Developments in Analytical Tools
9.1 Climate Change
9.2 Sustainability
9.3 Integrated Urban Drainage Modeling
10.0 References
11.0 Suggested Readings
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Schweitzer Fachinformationen

Design of Urban Stormwater Controls

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