
A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics
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Part 1 summarizes the major developments in the forty years of SFL's history, including alternative approaches within Halliday's own writings and the emergence of the "Cardiff Grammar" as an alternative to the "Sydney Grammar". It questions the theoretical status of the 'multiple structure' representations in Halliday's influential Introduction to Functional Grammar (1994), demonstrating that Halliday's model additionally needs an integrating syntax such as that described in Part 2.
Part 2 specifies and discusses the set of 'categories' and 'relationships' that are needed in a theory of syntax for a modern, computer-implementable systemic functional grammar. The theoretical concepts are exemplified at every point, usually from English but occasionally from other languages.
The book is both a critique of Halliday's current theory of syntax and the presentation of an alternative version of SFL that is equally systemic and equally functional.
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Content
- A THEORY OF SYNTAX FOR SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS
- Editorial page
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Acknowledgements
- An invitation
- Table of Contents
- List of Figures
- Preface
- 1 Systemic Functional Linguistics as a major current theory of language
- 2 What this book is about
- 3 The book's two parts
- 4 The relationship of the new proposals to Halliday's representations of structure
- Preface to the 2010 paperback edition
- A selected bibliography 2001-2011
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 The scope and purposes of this book
- 1.2 What is "a modern, large-scale systemic functional grammar"?
- 1.3 The structure of the book
- Part 1: Prolegomenon to the theory
- 2. SFL's original theory of syntax: Scale and Category Grammar
- 2.1 The impact on Linguistics of Halliday's "Categories" (1961)
- 2.2 Levels of language in "Categories
- 2.3 The categories in "Categories
- 2.4 The scales in "Categories
- 2.5 The rarity of structural representations in "Categories" terms
- 2.6 Some later additions to the S&C model: 'parataxis' and 'hypotaxis', 'depth' and 'type'
- 2.6.1 'Parataxis' and 'hypotaxis'
- 2.6.2 'Depth' in layers of structure
- 2.6.3 The concept of 'type' of unit
- 2.7 Forward from the Scale and Category model
- 3. The place of syntaxin a modern Systemic Functional Grammar
- 3.1 'Form' and 'meaning'
- 3.2 'Language' and 'text' as 'potential' and 'instance'
- 3.3 'Paradigmatic' and 'syntagmatic' relations
- 3.4 Why a systemic functional theory of syntax is not an 'autonomous' theory of syntax
- 4. Halliday's later changes to the Scale and Category model
- 4.1 The status of the changes: addition, evolution or revolution?
- 4.2 Privileging the concept of 'system'
- 4.3 Systems as choice between meanings
- 4.4 The emergence of the multifunctional view of meaning
- 4.5 The problem of the limited availability of Halliday's system networks
- 4.6 The problem of Halliday's two positions on 'meaning'
- 4.7 Two possible effects on the overall model of adopting the second position on 'meaning'
- 4.8 Why a SFL model of language requires a separate component for the realization rules
- 4.9 A pivotal paper: "Text as semantic choice in social context
- 4.10 Summary: the implications of the changes
- 5. Syntax in a generative systemic functional grammar
- 5.1 "Systemic theory" (1993) and related works
- 5.2 The 'theoretical-generative' and 'text-descriptive' strands of work in Systemic Functional Linguistics
- 5.3 The "basic concepts" of "Systemic theory
- 5.4 A summary of the differences between "Categories" and "Systemic theory
- 5.5 The common ground between the Sydney and the Cardiff Grammars
- 6. The major concepts of An Introduction to Functional Grammar
- 6.1 Preview of this chapter
- 6.2 In search of the "basic concepts" of IFG
- 6.2.1 The evidence from the opening chapters
- 6.2.2 The evidence from the index and the main text
- 6.3 Summary of the differences between "Categories" and IFG
- 6.4 The significance of the contrast in the concepts of "Systemic theory" and IFG
- 6.5 The need for theories of both 'syntax potential' and 'instances of syntax'
- 6.6 Summary of the argument so far
- 7. The problem of the representations in IFG (and an alternative approach)
- 7.1 Levels of language and the representation of the multifunctional nature of language: two questions
- 7.1.1 Two questions to ask about the representations in IFG
- 7.1.2 The 'scale of availability' of a theory
- 7.1.3 How this chapter will approach the problem
- 7.2 The representation of a text-sentence in IFG
- 7.3 The IFG representations in relation to other possible levels of representation
- 7.3.1 Three sub-questions and the issues that they raise
- 7.3.2 The desirability of having two levels of representation
- 7.3.3 Why there are no systemic representations in IFG
- 7.3.4 A summary of the argument so far
- 7.3.5 Where should we show the multifunctional nature of language?
- 7.3.6 The key question
- 7.4 How the Sydney Grammar works: the two models and their implications
- 7.4.1 The supposed version: the 'structure conflation' model of IFG
- 7.4.2 The 'implemented version: the 'element conflation' model of "Systemic theory" and Matthiessen & Bateman (1991)
- 7.4.3 The evidence from the computer implementation of the model
- 7.4.4 A summary so far
- 7.4.5 Implications for the theoretical status of the IFG representations
- 7.5 The status of IFG-style representations
- 7.5.1 The current value of IFG-style representations
- 7.5.2 How the IFG-style representations have acquired their current status in the theory
- 7.6 The availability of Sydney Grammar descriptions of English
- 7.7 Summary of the answers to the two questions
- 7.8 An alternative approach: the two levels of representation in the Cardiff Grammar
- 7.9 The alternative ways of representing functional structure in the analysis of a text
- 7.10 The need for a theory of syntax for SFL: the argument summarized
- 7.11 The implications of the argument
- 8. "Some proposals for systemic syntax
- 8.1 The situation in Systemic Functional Linguistics at the time of Fawcett's "Some proposals" (1974-6 and 1981)
- 8.2 The purpose of "Some proposals
- 8.3 The 'categories' of "Some proposals
- 8.4 The 'relationships' of "Some proposals
- 8.5 The role of "Some proposals" in developing a modern SF theory of syntax
- Part 2: The New Theory
- 9. A theory of syntax potential
- 9.1 Towards a new theory of syntax for systemic functional grammar
- 9.1.1 How "new" is the new theory?
- 9.1.2 The need for a theory of both 'syntax potential' and 'instances of syntax'
- 9.1.3 Relevant sources
- 9.1.4 The original questions revisited
- 9.2 Syntax potential as both realization operations and potential structures
- 9.2.1 The major types of realization operation
- 9.2.2 Potential structures
- 9.2.3 A comparison of the realization operations in the two frameworks
- 9.3 A theory of instances of syntax: the plan of the rest of Part 2
- 10. A theory of instances of syntax: (1) the categories of syntax
- 10.1 A model without a 'rank scale' of 'units'
- 10.1.1 The concepts of 'unit' and 'rank'
- 10.1.2 The remaining traces of the concept of a 'rank scale' of 'units'
- 10.2 Classes of unit
- 10.2.1 The general concept of 'class of unit'
- 10.2.2 Criteria for recognizing classes of unit
- 10.2.3 The clause
- 10.2.4 The four classes of 'group'
- 10.2.5 The nominal group
- 10.2.6 The prepositional group
- 10.2.7 The quality group
- 10.2.8 The quantity group
- 10.2.9 Relationships between two major classes of unit and their 'higher' equivalents
- 10.2.10 The concept of 'cluster'
- 10.2.11 The genitive cluster
- 10.2.12 The 'name' clusters
- 10.3 Elements of structure
- 10.3.1 The basic principle
- 10.3.2 Some exceptions to the basic principle
- 10.3.3 What is the relationship between elements in a unit?
- 10.3.4 Are 'secondary structures' (a) necessary and/or (b) desirable?
- 10.3.5 Summary of the discussion of 'element of structure'
- 10.4 Places and potential structures
- 10.4.1 The need for the category of 'place'
- 10.4.2 Alternative ways to locate an element in its place
- 10.4.3 Potential structures
- 10.4.4 The key role of 'place' in handling 'raising' phenomena
- 10.5 Items, the concept of 'word class' and morphology
- 10.5.1 Items
- 10.5.2 Words and morphemes as elements of clauses
- 10.5.3 The concept of'word class'
- 10.6 Summary of the categories in a modern systemic functional grammar
- 11. A theory of instances of syntax: (2) the relationships between categories
- 11.1 Towards a 'non-rank' view of 'constituency'
- 11.2 Filling probabilities as a replacement for 'rank'
- 11.2.1 The principle concepts of the alternative approach
- 11.2.2 The two types of probabilities in filling
- 11.2.3 The source of the probabilities given in Appendix B
- 11.3 Componence
- 11.4 Conflation
- 11.5 Filling
- 11.6 Exponence and depth of exponence
- 11.6.1 The concept of exponence
- 11.6.2 Variation in depth of exponence
- 11.6.3 Exponence added to componence, conflation and filling
- 11.7 Continuous and discontinuous relationships between 'sister' elements
- 11.8 Recursion: co-ordination, embedding and reiteration
- 11.8.1 The general concept of 'recursion'
- 11.8.2 The recursion of co-ordination
- 11.8.3 The recursion of embedding
- 11.8.4 Embedding as a contribution to the richness of 'depth' in syntax
- 11.8.5 Halliday's position on 'rank shift' and 'embedding'
- 11.8.6 The recursion of reiteration
- 11.9 How embedding and co-ordination can replace 'hypotaxis' and 'parataxis'
- 11.10 Summary of the relationships between categories in a modern systemic functional grammar
- 12. Summaries, conclusions and prospects
- 12.1 Introduction to the summaries: two models or one?
- 12.2 The categories of syntax: a summary and comparison
- 12.3 The relationships of syntax: a summary and comparison
- 12.4 A comparison of the two frameworks as integrated wholes
- 12.5 'Autonomous syntax', 'grammatically' and 'probability'
- 12.6 The importance of clear and usable representations
- 12.7 A final evaluation of the significance of "Categories" for a modern systemic functional grammar
- 12.8 From theory to description: the prospects
- Appendices
- Appendix A: a fragment of a generative systemic functional grammar
- 1 The purpose and scope of this appendix
- 2 The system network
- 3 The realization component
- 4 Summary
- Appendix B: A summary of English syntax for the text analyst
- Appendix C: The 'rank scale' debate
- 1 The first phase of the debate: the 1960s and 1970s
- 2 Hudson's de facto contribution to the debate
- 3 The second phase of the debate: the 1980s and 1990s
- 4 The third phase of the debate: the 2000s
- 5 A possible end point to the debate: from 'rank' to 'filling probabilities'
- References
- Index
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