
Losses in Water Distribution Networks
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Content
- Cover
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- The authors
- Acknowledgements
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Understanding the network
- 1.2 A strategy for water loss
- 1.3 References
- 2. Assessing losses
- 2.1 Defining water loss and leakage
- 2.2 Comparisons of water losses
- 2.3 Experience of the UK water industry
- 2.4 Water balance - UK methodology
- 2.5 The IWA international standard
- 2.6 An example water balance calculation
- 2.7 Measuring or estimating the components of water balance
- 2.8 Techniques for reviewing the network operating practices
- 2.9 Techniques for quantifying leakage
- 2.10 References
- 3. International comparisons
- 3.1 Performance indicators and target setting
- 3.2 The IWA performance measures structure
- 3.3 Non-revenue water: financial performance indicators
- 3.4 Apparent losses
- 3.5 Real losses
- 3.6 Performance indicators in England and Wales
- 3.7 References
- 4. Developing a strategy
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Economics of water loss
- 4.3 Economic level of leakage
- 4.4 Setting targets for leakage
- 4.5 The impact of regulation on the water industry
- 4.6 A practical approach
- 4.7 Computer models to assess lossess
- 4.8 Designing and introducing a strategy
- 4.9 References
- 5. Upgrading the network
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 The zoning concept
- 5.3 Flow metering
- 5.4 Zonal metering
- 5.5 Network records and recording systems
- 5.6 Surveying the network
- 5.7 Pilot study areas
- 5.8 Mains renewal and rehabilitation to reduce leakage
- 5.9 References
- 6. Leakage monitoring and control
- 6.1 Criteria and choice of methodology
- 6.2 Sectorisation and zonal monitoring
- 6.3 Leak detection and location in DMAs
- 6.4 Leak detection policies and procedures
- 6.5 Choice of leak detection technique
- 6.6 Types of contract
- 6.7 Management of leakage detection operations
- 6.8 Repair techniques
- 6.9 Leak detection in networks with intermittent supply
- 6.10 References
- 7. Pressure management
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Benefits of pressure management
- 7.3 Potential problems
- 7.4 The relative importance of pressure management
- 7.5 Pressure/leakage relationships
- 7.6 Economics and cost-benefit analysis
- 7.7 Policy issues
- 7.8 Design of pressure management schemes
- 7.9 Operation of PRVs
- 7.10 Flow modulation
- 7.11 Factors restricting the scope for pressure reduction
- 7.12 Cavitation
- 7.13 PRV installation
- 7.14 Predicting a pressure-managed regime
- 7.15 Hour to day factors
- 7.16 References
- 8. Changing policies
- 8.1 Customer demand
- 8.2 Options for meeting increasing demand
- 8.3 Demand management policies
- 8.4 Customer metering
- 8.5 Case studies
- 8.6 References
- 9. Ensuring sustainability
- 9.1 Staffing levels
- 9.2 Education and training
- 9.3 Operation and maintenance
- 9.4 Assessing and monitoring performance
- 9.5 References
- Case study 1: An evaluation of the water distribution system for system losses in Sarina Shire Council, Australia
- Case study 2: Leakage control in southern Europe (Italy)
- Case Study 3: Leakage control and unaccounted-for water analysis - Water Works Corporation, Malta
- Appendix A: Potential savings from leakage management
- Appendix B: Meter installation design and schedule of materials for a zone/DMA meter
- Appendix C: Network records
- Appendix D: Conducting a water use audit
- Appendix E: Example training programmes
- Index
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