Microgrid Planning and Design
Description
Microgrid Planning and Design offers a detailed and authoritative guide to microgrid systems. The authors - noted experts on the topic - explore what is involved in the design of a microgrid, examine the process of mapping designs to accommodate available technologies and reveal how to determine the efficacy of the final outcome. This practical book is a compilation of collaborative research results drawn from a community of experts in 8 different universities over a 6-year period.
Microgrid Planning and Design contains a review of microgrid benchmarks for the electric power system and covers the mathematical modeling that can be used during the microgrid design processes. The authors include real-world case studies, validated benchmark systems and the components needed to plan and design an effective microgrid system. This important guide:
* Offers a practical and up-to-date book that examines leading edge technologies related to the smart grid
* Covers in detail all aspects of a microgrid from conception to completion
* Explores a modeling approach that combines power and communication systems
* Recommends modeling details that are appropriate for the type of study to be performed
* Defines typical system studies and requirements associated with the operation of the microgrid
Written forgraduate students and professionals in the electrical engineering industry, Microgrid Planning and Design is a guide to smart microgrids that can help with their strategic energy objectives such as increasing reliability, efficiency, autonomy and reducing greenhouse gases.
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Persons
DR. HASSAN FARHANGI is Chief System Architect and Principal Investigator of Smart Microgrid initiative at British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), and Adjunct Professor at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, and the Scientific Director and Principal Investigator of NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council) Pan-Canadian Smart Microgrid Network.
DR. GEZA JOOS is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Canada, and holds the NSERC/Hydro-Quebec Industrial Research Chair on the Integration of Renewable Energies and Distributed Generation into the Electric Distribution Grid as well as the Canada Research Chair in Powering Information Technologies at McGill University.
Content
About the Authors xiii
Disclaimer xv
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xxiii
Foreword xxv
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxix
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Why Microgrid Research Requires a Network Approach 5
1.2 NSERC Smart MicroGrid Network (NSMG-Net) - The Canadian Experience 7
1.3 Research Platform 8
1.4 Research Program and Scope 9
1.5 Research Themes in Smart Microgrids 10
1.5.1 Theme 1: Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 10
1.5.1.1 Topic 1.1: Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 12
1.5.1.2 Topic 1.2: Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 12
1.5.1.3 Topic 1.3: Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 13
1.5.1.4 Topic 1.4: Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 13
1.5.2 Theme 2 Overview: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 14
1.5.2.1 Topic 2.1: Cost-Benefits Framework - Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 16
1.5.2.2 Topic 2.2: Energy and Supply Security Considerations 16
1.5.2.3 Topic 2.3: Demand Response Technologies and Strategies - Energy Management and Metering 16
1.5.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics - Study Cases 17
1.5.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 18
1.5.3.1 Topic 3.1: Universal Communication Infrastructure 20
1.5.3.2 Topic 3.2: Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 20
1.5.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection 20
1.5.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 21
1.6 Microgrid Design Process and Guidelines 21
1.7 Microgrid Design Objectives 23
1.8 Book Organization 23
2 Microgrid Benchmarks 25
2.1 Campus Microgrid 25
2.1.1 Campus Microgrid Description 25
2.1.2 Campus Microgrid Subsystems 27
2.1.2.1 Components and Subsystems 27
2.1.2.2 Automation and Instrumentation 28
2.2 Utility Microgrid 30
2.2.1 Description 30
2.2.2 Utility Microgrid Subsystems 32
2.3 CIGRE Microgrid 33
2.3.1 CIGRE Microgrid Description 33
2.3.2 CIGRE Microgrid Subsystems 35
2.3.2.1 Load 35
2.3.2.2 Flexibility 35
2.4 Benchmarks Selection Justification 36
3 Microgrid Elements and Modeling 37
3.1 Load Model 37
3.1.1 Current Source Based 37
3.1.2 Grid-Tie Inverter Based 38
3.2 Power Electronic Converter Models 39
3.3 PV Model 41
3.4 Wind Turbine Model 43
3.5 Multi-DER Microgrids Modeling 44
3.6 Energy Storage System Model 47
3.7 Electronically Coupled DER (EC-DER) Model 49
3.8 Synchronous Generator Model 50
3.9 Low Voltage Networks Model 50
3.10 Distributed Slack Model 51
3.11 VVO/CVR Modeling 53
4 Analysis and Studies Using Recommended Models 57
4.1 Energy Management Studies 57
4.2 Voltage Control Studies 57
4.3 Frequency Control Studies 58
4.4 Transient Stability Studies 58
4.5 Protection Coordination and Selectivity Studies 59
4.6 Economic Feasibility Studies 59
4.6.1 Benefits Identification 59
4.6.2 Reduced Energy Cost 59
4.6.3 Reliability Improvement 60
4.6.4 Investment Deferral 61
4.6.5 Power Fluctuation 61
4.6.6 Improved Efficiency 61
4.6.7 Reduced Emission 62
4.7 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Impact Studies 62
4.8 DER Sizing of Microgrids 62
4.9 Ancillary Services Studies 62
4.10 Power Quality Studies 63
4.11 Simulation Studies and Tools 63
5 Control, Monitoring, and Protection Strategies 65
5.1 Enhanced Control Strategy - Level 1 Function 65
5.1.1 Current-Control Scheme 66
5.1.2 Voltage Regulation Scheme 68
5.1.3 Frequency Regulation Scheme 68
5.1.4 Enhanced Control Strategy Under Network Faults 68
5.2 Decoupled Control Strategy - Level 1 Function 70
5.3 Electronically Coupled Distributed Generation Control Loops - Level 1 Function 71
5.3.1 Voltage Regulation 71
5.3.2 Frequency Regulation 71
5.4 Energy Storage System Control Loops - Level 1 Function 72
5.4.1 Voltage Regulation 72
5.4.2 Frequency Regulation 74
5.5 Synchronous Generator (SG) Control Loops - Level 1 Function 77
5.5.1 Voltage Regulation 77
5.5.2 Frequency Regulation 77
5.6 Control of Multiple Source Microgrid - Level 1 Function 77
5.7 Fault Current Limiting Control Strategy - Level 1 Function 80
5.8 Mitigating the Impact on Protection System - Level 1 Function 80
5.9 Adaptive Control Strategy - Level 2 Function 81
5.10 Generalized Control Strategy - Level 2 Function 81
5.11 Multi-DER Control - Level 2 Function 83
5.12 Centralized Microgrid Controller Functions - Level 3 Function 84
5.13 Protection and Control Requirements 85
5.14 Communication-Assisted Protection and Control 85
5.15 Fault Current Control of DER 86
5.16 Load Monitoring for Microgrid Control - Level 3 Function 87
5.17 Interconnection Transformer Protection 88
5.18 Volt-VAR Optimization Control - Level 3 Function 89
6 Information and Communication Systems 91
6.1 IT and Communication Requirements in a Microgrid 91
6.1.1 HAN Communications 92
6.1.2 LAN Communications 92
6.1.3 WAN Communications 94
6.2 Technological Options for Communication Systems 94
6.2.1 Cellular/Radio Frequency 95
6.2.2 Cable/DSL 95
6.2.3 Ethernet 95
6.2.4 Fiber Optic SONET/SDH and E/GPON over Fiber Optic Links 96
6.2.5 Microwave 96
6.2.6 Power Line Communication 96
6.2.7 WiFi (IEEE 802.11) 96
6.2.8 WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) 96
6.2.9 ZigBee 97
6.3 IT and Communication Design Examples 97
6.3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 97
6.3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standard, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 97
6.3.2.1 Recommended Signaling Scheme and Capacity Limit of PLC Under Bernoulli-Gaussian Impulsive Noise 98
6.3.2.2 Studying and Developing Relevant Networking Techniques for an Efficient and Reliable Smart Grid Communication Network (SGCN) 98
6.3.3 Distribution Automation 98
6.3.3.1 Apparent Power Signature Based Islanding Detection 98
6.3.3.2 ZigBee in Electricity Substations 99
6.3.4 Integrated Data Management and Portals 99
6.3.4.1 The Multi Agent Volt-VAR Optimization (VVO) Engine 99
7 Power and Communication Systems 101
7.1 Example of Real-Time Systems Using the IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 103
8 System Studies and Requirements 105
8.1 Data and Specification Requirements 105
8.1.1 Topology-Related Characteristics 107
8.1.2 Demand-Related Characteristics 108
8.1.3 Economics- and Environment-Related Characteristics 108
8.2 Microgrid Design Criteria 108
8.2.1 Reliability and Resilience 108
8.2.1.1 Reliability 109
8.2.1.2 Resilience 109
8.2.2 DER Technologies 109
8.2.2.1 Electric Storage Systems 109
8.2.2.2 Photovoltaic Solar Power 110
8.2.2.3 Wind Power 111
8.2.3 DER Sizing 112
8.2.4 Load Prioritization 114
8.2.5 Microgrid Operational States 114
8.2.5.1 Grid-connected Mode 114
8.2.5.2 Transition to Islanded Mode 115
8.2.5.3 Islanded Mode 115
8.2.5.4 Transition to Grid-connected Mode 116
8.3 Design Standards and Application Guides 116
8.3.1 ANSI/NEMA 116
8.3.2 IEEE 116
8.3.3 UL 118
8.3.4 NEC 118
8.3.5 IEC 118
8.3.6 CIGRE 118
9 Sample Case Studies for Real-Time Operation 121
9.1 Operational Planning Studies 121
9.2 Economic and Technical Feasibility Studies 122
9.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework Studies 123
9.4 Power-Quality Studies 125
9.5 Stability Studies 125
9.6 Microgrid Design Studies 128
9.7 Communication and SCADA System Studies 129
9.8 Testing and Evaluation Studies 129
9.9 Example Studies 130
10 Microgrid Use Cases 133
10.1 Energy Management System Functional Requirements Use Case 133
10.2 Protection 136
10.3 Intentional Islanding 139
11 Testing and Case Studies 143
11.1 EMS Economic Dispatch 143
11.1.1 Applicable Design on the Campus Microgrid 143
11.1.2 Design Guidelines 144
11.1.3 Multi-Objective Optimization - Example 145
11.1.3.1 System Description 145
11.1.3.2 Optimization Formulation 146
11.1.4 Results and Discussion 149
11.1.4.1 Comparison to Existing Campus DEMS 149
11.1.4.2 Business Case Overview 152
11.2 Voltage and Reactive Power Control 153
11.2.1 VVO/CVR Architecture 153
11.3 Microgrid Anti-Islanding 155
11.3.1 Test System 156
11.3.1.1 Distribution System 156
11.3.1.2 Inverter System 158
11.3.2 Tests Performed and Results 158
11.3.2.1 Nuisance Tripping 159
11.3.2.2 Islanding 160
11.4 Real-Time Testing 166
11.4.1 Hardware-In-The-Loop Real Time Test Bench 167
11.4.2 Real-Time System Using IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 169
12 Conclusion 173
12.1 Challenges and Methodologies 173
12.1.1 Theme 1 - Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 173
12.1.1.1 Topic 1.1 - Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 174
12.1.1.2 Topic 1.2 - Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 176
12.1.1.3 Topic 1.3 - Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 180
12.1.1.4 Topic 1.4 - Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 183
12.1.2 Theme 2: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 185
12.1.2.1 Topic 2.1 Cost-Benefits Framework - Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 185
12.1.2.2 Topic 2.2 Energy and Supply Security Considerations 187
12.1.2.3 Topic 2.3 Demand-Response Technologies and Strategies - Energy Management and Metering 190
12.1.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics - Study Cases 192
12.1.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 193
12.1.3.1 Topic 3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 194
12.1.3.2 Topic 3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 195
12.1.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection (Topic Leader: Meng; Collaborators: Chang, Li, Iravani, Farhangi, NB Power) 200
12.1.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 202
12.2 Final Thoughts 204
References 205
Index 211
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Topology of a smart microgrid 3
Figure 1.2 The evolution of smart grid. Source Farhangi 2010 [1] 4
Figure 1.3 Thematic structure of NSMG-Net research 10
Figure 1.4 The microgrid design process 22
Figure 2.1 The campus smart microgrid. Source: BCIT Burnaby Campus, NSERC Smart Microgrid Research Network, www.smart-microgrid.ca/ 26
Figure 2.2 The campus microgrid OASIS subsystem. Source: Project 2.5 Report - Microgrid design guidelines and use cases - Presented at AGM NSMG-Net Sep. 2015 28
Figure 2.3 Campus microgrid STG subsystem. Source: Project 2.5 Report - Microgrid design guidelines and use cases - Presented at AGM NSMG-Net Sep. 2015 29
Figure 2.4 The campus microgrid smart home subsystem smart microgrid. Source: http://www.smart-microgrid.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Overview-of-the-BCIT-microgrid.pdf 29
Figure 2.5 Aerial photograph of the 25 kV Distribution Test Line, showing the physical layout. Source: Ross et al. 2014 [5]. Reproduced with permission of CIGRÉ/Hydro.Quebec 30
Figure 2.6 The utility microgrid system. Source: Project 2.5 Report - Microgrid design guidelines and use cases - Presented at AGM NSMG-Net Sep. 2015. Reproduced with permission of Hydro.Qebec 31
Figure 2.7 Topology of three-phase sections of North American MV distribution network CIGRE benchmark. Source: CIGRE TF C6.04.02 [7], version 21, August 2010 Reproduced with permission of CIGRÉ 33
Figure 2.8 Modified North American MV distribution network CIGRE benchmark. Source: CIGRE TF C6.04.02 [7], version 21, August 2010 Reproduced with permission of CIGRÉ 34
Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the load model. Source: Haddadi et al. 2013 [8] 38
Figure 3.2 Grid-tie inverter configuration used for controllable loads 39
Figure 3.3 Grid-tie inverter control loop used for controllable loads 39
Figure 3.4 Two level half-bridge topology. Source: Yazdani and Iravani 2010 [9] Reproduced with permission of IEEE/Wiley 40
Figure 3.5 Detailed switch model. Source: Yazdani and Iravani 2010 [9] Reproduced with permission of IEEE/Wiley 40
Figure 3.6 Switching function model. Source: Yazdani and Iravani 2010 [9] Reproduced with permission of IEEE/Wiley 41
Figure 3.7 Average switch model. Source: Yazdani and Iravani 2010 [9] Reproduced with permission of IEEE/Wiley 41
Figure 3.8 Recommended wind turbine model to be used for microgrids. Source: Hansen 2012 [11] 43
Figure 3.9 Schematic diagram of the multi-DER microgrid system. Source: Etemadi et al. 2012 [12] 44
Figure 3.10 Single-line diagram of the microgrid used to derive state space equations. Source: Etemadi et al. 2012 [12] Reproduced with permission of IEEE 45
Figure 3.11 Grid-tie inverter configuration used for the energy storage system 48
Figure 3.12 Grid-tie inverter control loops used for the energy storage system operating as a current 48
Figure 3.13 Grid-tie inverter control loops used for the energy storage system operating as a voltage source 48
Figure 3.14 Grid-tie inverter configuration used for inverter-interfaced renewable DGs. Source: Kamh et al. 2012 [15] 49
Figure 3.15 Look up tables used to emulate the WTG or PV DG 49
Figure 3.16 Grid-tie inverter control loop used for renewable DGs 50
Figure 3.17 A typical diesel engine synchronous generator system model 50
Figure 5.1 Microgrid control function timescales. Source: Joos et al. 2017 [30] 66
Figure 5.2 The microgrid control system functional framework core functions. Source: Joos et al. 2017 [30] 66
Figure 5.3 Schematic diagram of the three-phase EC-DER and its control architecture. Source: Zamani et al. 2012 [32] 67
Figure 5.4 Enhanced voltage magnitude regulation scheme for the three-phase EC-DER. Source: Zamani et al. 2012 [32] 69
Figure 5.5 Frequency regulation loop, augmented with the phase angle restoration loop. Source: Zamani et al. 2012 [32] 69
Figure 5.6 Enhanced voltage magnitude regulation scheme. Source: Zamani et al. 2012 [32] 69
Figure 5.7 The decoupled control strategy with the host DER unit. Source: Haddadi et al. [33] 70
Figure 5.8 Block diagram of the dependencies decoupling control strategy. Source: Haddadi et al. [33] 71
Figure 5.9 Reactive power control loop used for renewable DGs. Source: Ellis et al. 2012 [34] 73
Figure 5.10 Active power control loop used for renewable DGs. Source: Ellis et al. 2012 [34] 73
Figure 5.11 Reactive power control loop used for the ESS (current controlled VSI) 75
Figure 5.12 Active power control loop used for the ESS (current controlled VSI) 76
Figure 5.13 Reactive power control loop used for the synchronous generator [35] 78
Figure 5.14 Active power control loop used for the synchronous generator with diesel engine as shown in Figure 3.17 78
Figure 5.15 Per-phase block diagram of the DVR control system in FCI mode. Source: Ajaei et al. 2013 [37]. Reproduced with permission of IEEE 80
Figure 5.16 Primary and secondary controllers and SPAACE. Source: Mehrizi-Sani et al. 2012 [39] Reproduced with permission of IEEE 81
Figure 5.17 Finite state machine representation of SPAACE algorithm ?t is the time passed since violation and T is the maximum permissible time for the violation. Source: Mehrizi-Sani et al. 2012 [39] Reproduced with permission of IEEE 82
Figure 5.18 Flowchart of the strategy. Source: Mehrizi-Sani et al. 2012 [40]. Reproduced with permission of IEEE 83
Figure 5.19 The recloser-fuse coordination algorithm. Source: Zamani et al. 2012 [44] Reproduced with permission of IEEE 86
Figure 5.20 Flowchart of the communications-assisted protection scheme. Source: Etemadi et al. 2013 [45] Reproduced with permission of IEEE. 87
Figure 5.21 Flowchart of the voltage control scheme including overcurrent protection. Source: Etemadi et al. 2013 [45]. Reproduced with permission of IEEE 88
Figure 5.22 Modification in REF logic. Source: Davarpanah et al. 2013 [47] Reproduced with permission of IEEE 89
Figure 6.1 Typical communication layers representation 92
Figure 6.2 Communication networks overlay between HANs, LANs, and WANs with interfaces applications (inspired from Wu et al. 2012 [48]). Reproduced with permission of CRC 93
Figure 6.3 The campus smart microgrid topology and communication network. (Farhangi 2016 [49]) 94
Figure 6.4 Typical physical media for communication links 95
Figure 7.1 A combined power and communication model 102
Figure 7.2 The microgrid modeling approach. Source: Project 2.5 Report - Microgrid design guidelines & use cases - Presented at AGM NSMG-Net Sep. 2015 103
Figure 7.3 Real time simulation system configuration 104
Figure 8.1 Recommended data and specification requirements for coordinated planning and design 106
Figure 8.2 Microgrid design criteria 109
Figure 8.3 Globalized levelized cost per megawatt-hour comparison of various DER technologies (https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/WEC_J1143_CostofTECHNOLOGIES_021013_WEB_Final.pdf - accessed 27th July 2018) 110
Figure 8.4 Estimated levelized cost per kilowatt-hour comparison for energy storage (http://www.eosenergystorage.com/documents/EPRI-Energy-Storage-Webcast-to-Suppliers.pdf - accessed 15 August 2017) 111
Figure 8.5 Flowchart of a cost-benefit analysis methodology. Source: Clavier 2013 [61]. Reproduced with permission of McGill University 112
Figure 8.6 Optimal sizing of islanded microgrids (IMG) methodology. Source: Bhuiyan et al. 2015 [63]. Reproduced with permission of IET 113
Figure 8.7 Standards and application guidelines and application notes relevant to the microgrid design process 117
Figure 9.1 Example of frequency control case study. Source: Farrokhabadi et al. 2015 [64]. Reproduced with permission of IEEE 122
Figure 9.2 Valuation functions of the individual DERs in the microgrid. Source: Ross 2015 [65]. Reproduced with permission of McGill University 123
Figure 9.3 Valuation function of the amalgamated virtual...
