
The Greek Imperative Mood in the New Testament
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- List of Illustrations xi
- List of Abbreviations xiii
- Acknowledgments xv
- Prologue 1
- Chapter 1. Introduction 5
- The Need for this Study 6
- Linguistics and Communication 16
- Synchronic Analysis 22
- Descriptive Approach 25
- Structural Approach 33
- A Greek Perspective 33
- The Linguistic System as a Relational Network 34
- The Nature of Communication 43
- Semantic and Pragmatic Distinction 60
- Preliminary Methodological Considerations 65
- Limitations 66
- Summary and Overview 69
- Chapter 2. The Imperative Mood in New Testament and Linguistic Studies 73
- Introduction 73
- The Imperative in New Testament Greek Studies 73
- The Meaning of the Greek Imperative Mood 73
- The Range of Usage of the Greek Imperative Mood 76
- The Tenses Used with the Imperative 88
- The Imperative in General Linguistic Studies 99
- Speech Act Theory 99
- Various Theoretical Linguistic Approaches 111
- Summary 118
- Chapter 3. Semantic Analysis 121
- Introduction 121
- Definition and Existence 122
- Method 129
- Identifiable Idiomatic Expressions (Idiomatic Lexemes) 131
- Toward a Semantic Meaning of the Imperative Mood 133
- Imperative Semantics 1: Internal Considerations 135
- Imperative Semantics 2: External Comparisons 156
- The Distribution of the Imperative 193
- The Imperative as a Volitional-Directive 196
- Summary 197
- Chapter 4. Pragmatic Analysis 199
- Introduction 199
- Definition and Method 202
- Factors Contributing to the Force of an Imperative 206
- Politeness and the Imperative 208
- Higher- to Lower-Rank 221
- Lexemic Meaning of the Verb Itself 221
- Strategy 1: Words of Asking 224
- Strategy 2: Indirect Third Person 227
- Lower- to Higher-Rank 231
- Strategy 1: Words of Asking 233
- Strategy 2: Terms of Honor 236
- Strategy 3: Indirect Third Person 240
- Addendum: Prayer and the Imperative 244
- Other Observations about Force 247
- Guidelines for Determining the Force of an Imperative 248
- Event-Initiation and the Imperative 251
- The Notion of Benefit and the Imperative 258
- Negation and the Classification of Imperatives 265
- The Third Person Imperative (Further Comments) 265
- Who is the Recipient of the Third Person Directive? 267
- Third versus Second Person: Clues to the Choice of Person 279
- The Rare Negative Third Person Aorist Imperative 284
- The Third Person and Some Clausal Relationships 285
- Acts 2:38 and Our Study 286
- Summary 289
- Conditional Imperative?: Problems and a Solution 290
- The Problems with the Conditional Classification 291
- The Solution: Multilevel Analysis 292
- Ephesians 4:26 and Our Study 303
- Summary 306
- The Imperative and the People of God: Some Concluding Thoughts 307
- Summary 309
- Chapter 5. Conclusion 311
- Appendix 1: Modern Linguistics: Select History, Use in New Testament Studies and in this work, Evaluation, and Proposals for Future Use 315
- Appendix 2: General Comments on Grammatical Mood 341
- Appendix 3: Semantic and Pragmatic Distinction: A Brief Evaluation of a Recent Approach 343
- Appendix 4: Synoptic Mood Parallels 347
- Appendix 5: The Imperative + kaí + Future Indicative Construction: Examples in the New Testament 357
- Bibliography 375
- Ancient Reference Index 393
- Illustrations
- 1 Moods in the Greek New Testament 6
- 2. Simple linguistic system 36
- 3. A stratified view of a linguistic system in relation to other aspects of communication 38
- 4. Basic communication (code model) 44
- 5. Code model of communication 45
- 6. Second and Third Person Imperatives 82
- 7. The Voices of the Imperative Mood 84
- 8. Tenses of the Imperative Mood 88
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