Cluster Analysis

Preface Acknowledgement 1 An introduction to classification and clustering 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Reasons for classifying 1.3 Numerical methods of classification - cluster analysis 1.4 What is a cluster? 1.5 Examples of the use of clustering 1.6 Summary 2 Detecting clusters graphically 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Detecting clusters with univariate and bivariate plots of data 2.3 Using lower-dimensional projections of multivariate data for graphical representations 2.4 Three-dimensional plots and trellis graphics 2.5 Summary 3Measurement of proximity 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Similarity measures for categorical data 3.3 Dissimilarity and distance measures for continuous data 3.4 Similarity measures for data containing both continuous and categorical variables 3.5 Proximity measures for structured data 3.6 Inter-group proximity measures 3.7 Weighting variables 3.8 Standardization 3.9 Choice of proximity measure 3.10 Summary 4Hierarchical clustering 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Agglomerative methods 4.3 Divisive methods 4.4 Applying the hierarchical clustering process 4.5 Applications of hierarchical methods 4.6 Summary 5Optimization clustering techniques 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Clustering criteria derived from the dissimilarity matrix 5.3 Clustering criteria derived from continuous data 5.4 Optimization algorithms 5.5 Choosing the number of clusters 5.6 Applications of optimization methods 5.7 Summary 6Finite mixture densities as models for cluster analysis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Finite mixture densities 6.3 Other finite mixture densities 6.4 Bayesian analysis of mixtures 6.5 Inference for mixture models with unknown number of components and model structure 6.6 Dimension reduction - variable selection in finite mixture modelling 6.7 Finite regression mixtures 6.8 Software for finite mixture modelling 6.9 Some examples of the application of finite mixture densities 6.10 Summary 7Model-based cluster analysis for structured data 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Finite mixture models for structured data 7.3 Finite mixtures of factor models 7.4 Finite mixtures of longitudinal models 7.5 Applications of finite mixture models for structured data 7.6 Summary 8Miscellaneous clustering methods 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Density search clustering techniques 8.3 Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise 8.4 Techniques which allow overlapping clusters 8.5 Simultaneous clustering of objects and variables 8.6 Clustering with constraints 8.7 Fuzzy clustering 8.8 Clustering and artificial neural networks 8.9 Summary 9Some final comments and guidelines 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Using clustering techniques in practice 9.3 Testing for absence of structure 9.4 Methods for comparing cluster solutions 9.5 Internal cluster quality, influence and robustness 9.6 Displaying cluster solutions graphically 9.7 Illustrative examples 9.8 Summary Bibliography Index