Structures and Properties of Rubberlike Networks

Name: Structures and Properties of Rubberlike Networks
Brand: OUP eBook
Price: 93.49 EUR
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Burak Erman James. E. Mark(Author)

OUP eBook (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 24. July 1997

385 pages

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978-0-19-535960-2 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Contents
1 Overview and Some Fundamental Information
2 Classical Theories of Rubber Elasticity
2.1 The Kuhn-Treloar Theory
2.2 The Phantom Network Theory of James and Guth
2.2.1 General Aspects
2.2.2 The Elastic Free Energy
2.3 The Affine Network Theory of Wall and Flory
2.4 The Edwards Approach and Other Theories
References
3 Intermolecular Effects: I. The Constrained-Junction Model
3.1 The Model and its Assumptions
3.2 Probability Distribution of Fluctuations in the Deformed Network
3.3 The Elastic Free Energy
3.3.1 General Aspects
3.3.2 The Elastic Free Energy Due to Distortion of ?R
3.3.3 The Elastic Free Energy Due to Distortion of ?s
3.3.4 The Total Elastic Free Energy
References
4 Intermolecular Effects: II. Constraints along Network Chains
4.1 The Slip-Link Model
4.2 The Constrained-Chain Model
4.3 The Diffused-Constraints Model
4.4 Other Treatments of Entanglements
References
5 Relationships between Stress and Strain
5.1 General Relationships of Finite Elasticity Theory
5.2 Stress-Strain Relations for the Phantom and Affine Network Models under Uniaxial Stress
5.3 Stress-Strain Relations for the Constrained-Junction Model under Uniaxial Stress
5.4 Stress-Strain Relations for the Slip-Link and Constrained-Chain Models under Uniaxial Stress
5.4.1 The Slip-Link Model
5.4.2 The Constrained-Chain Model
5.5 Comparison of Stress-Strain Relations with Experimental Data
References
6 Swelling of Networks
6.1 Free Energy of a Swollen Network
6.2 The Solvent Chemical Potential for an Isotropically Swollen Network
6.3 Thermodynamics of a Network Uniaxially Stretched in Solvent
6.4 Elastic Activity of a Swollen Network
6.5 More Recent Treatments of Network Swelling
6.6 Sorption and Extraction of Diluents
6.6.1 Linear Diluents
6.6.2 Branched Diluents
6.6.3 Cyclic Diluents
6.7 Trapping of Cyclics within Network Structures
6.7.1 Experimental Results
6.7.2 Theoretical Interpretations
6.7.3 Olympic Networks
References
7 Critical Phenomena and Phase Transitions in Gels
7.1 Theory of Critical Phenomena and Phase Transitions
7.2 Thermoreversible Gels
References
8 Calculations and Simulations
8.1 Spatial Configurations of an Isolated Chain
8.2 Statistical Averages of Configurational Variables
8.3 Distributions for End-to-End Separations for Specific Types of Network Chains
8.4 Stress-Strain Isotherms Calculated from the Non-Gaussian Distributions
8.5 Molecular Dynamics Calculations
References
9 Thermoelasticity
9.1 Theory
9.2 Typical Stress-Temperature Data
9.3 Illustrative Thermoelastic Results
9.4 Relevant Calorimetric Studies of Elastic Deformations
9.5 Relevant Viscosity-Temperature Results on Dilute Polymer Solutions
9.6 Rotational Isomeric State Interpretation of Stress-Temperature Results
References
10 Model Elastomers
10.1 The Dependence of the Stress on Network Structure
10.1.1 General Approach
10.1.2 Effect of Junction Functionality
10.2 The Issue of Entanglements
10.3 Interpretation of Ultimate Properties
10.4 Some Other Unusual Networks
10.4.1 Dangling-Chain Networks
10.4.2 Networks Containing Reptating Chains
10.4.3 Networks Prepared in Solution or in a State of Strain
10.4.4 Networks Containing Unusual Diluents
References
11 Segmental Orientation
11.1 Molecular Deformation
11.2 Segmental Orientation in Network Chains: The Simple Picture
11.3 Higher-Order Approximation for Segmental Orientation
11.4 Experimental Determination of Segmental Orientation in Rubbery Networks
11.5 Theoretical Interpretation of Infrared Dichroism Measurements of Segmental Orientation in Rubbery Networks
References
12 Networks with Semiflexible Chains and Networks Exhibiting Strain-Induced Crystallization
12.1 Networks with Semiflexible Chains
12.1.1 The Lattice Model for the Semiflexible Chain
12.1.2 The Partition Function and the Free Energy of Mixing of Network Chains
12.1.3 A Set of Nonlinear Equations for Evaluating the Orientational Distribution under Deformation
12.1.4 The Linearized Closed-Form Solution
12.1.5 The Relationship of Stress to Deformation and Orientation
12.1.6 Isotropic-Nematic Phase Transitions in Deformed Polymer Networks
12.2 Strain-Induced Crystallization
12.2.1 General Features
12.2.2 Models for Strain-Induced Crystallization in Stretched Networks
12.2.3 Predictions of the Molecular Theories
12.2.4 The Effects of Strain-Induced Crystallization on Mechanical Properties
References
13 Networks Having Multimodal Chain-Length Distributions
13.1 Ultimate Properties and Non-Gaussian Effects
13.2 Bimodal Networks
13.2.1 Materials and Synthetic Techniques
13.2.2 Testing of the Weakest-Link Theory
13.2.3 Elongation Results
13.2.4 Results in Other Mechanical Deformations
13.2.5 Results on Nonmechanical Properties
13.3 Trimodal Networks
13.4 Networks of Very High Modality
13.5 Elastomers that May Have Been Inadvertently Bimodal
13.6 Other Materials in which Bimodality May Be Advantageous
References
14 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
14.1 General Features of SANS
14.2 Experimental Studies
14.3 Theory of SANS from Networks
14.3.1 The Scattering Law
14.3.2 Scattering from a Phantom Network Chain
14.3.3 Scattering from an Affine Network Chain
14.3.4 Scattering from a Chain whose Individual Segments Deform Affinely
14.3.5 Scattering from a Labeled Path in the Network
14.4 Typical Results from Experiments and Comparison with Theory
References
15 Bioelastomers
15.1 Some General Observations
15.2 Chemical Aspects of Protein Bioelastomers
15.2.1 Overall Amino Acid Composition
15.2.2 Amino Acid Sequencing
15.2.3 Cross-Linking Chemistry
15.3 Network Thermoelasticity
15.3.1 General Relevance
15.3.2 Elastin
15.3.3 Resilin
15.3.4 Other Protein Elastomers
15.4 Stress-Strain Behavior
15.4.1 General Results
15.4.2 Elastin
15.4.3 Resilin
15.4.4 Spider-Web Silk
15.4.5 Other Protein Elastomers
15.5 Dynamic-Mechanical Properties
15.5.1 Viscoelastic Responses in General
15.5.2 Effects of Dehydration
15.6 Some Other Bioelastomeric Gels
15.6.1 General Properties
15.6.2 Some Specific Systems
References
16 Multiphase Systems
16.1 Some Theoretical Approaches
16.2 In Situ Generation of Fillers in Elastomers
16.2.1 General Comments
16.2.2 Preparation
16.2.3 Electron Microscopy
16.2.4 Scattering Techniques
16.2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
16.2.6 Aging
16.2.7 Densities
16.2.8 Calorimetry
16.2.9 Thermogravimetric Analysis
16.2.10 Mechanical Properties and Equilibrium Swelling
16.2.11 Comparisons among Various Silica-Based Fillers
16.2.12 Other Polymers
16.2.13 Other Ceramic-Type Fillers
16.3 Preparation of Bicontinuous Systems
16.4 In Situ Generation of Elastomers in Ceramics
16.5 In Situ Generation of Catalysts in Polymers
16.6 In Situ Polymerizations of Glassy Polymers
16.6.1 Isotropic Systems
16.6.2 Anisotropic Systems
16.7 Fillers Responding to Magnetic Fields
16.8 Fillers of Controlled Crystalline Structure
References
Appendixes
A. Network Structural Parameters
References
B. Definitions in the Area of Rubber Technology
B.1 Basic Definitions
References
C. Deformation and Stress
C.1 Deformation
C.2 Stress
References
D. Summary of Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
References
E. Fluctuations in Phantom Networks
E.1 The Matrix G and its Inverse
E.2 Expressions for Various Fluctuations
References
F. Distributions of the Chain End-to-End Vector
F.1 Examples of Distribution Functions
F.2 Transformation of Distribution Functions under Deformation
References
G. Fortran Program for Monte Carlo Calculations
G.1 Program (Calculation of Persistence Lengths and Mean-Square End-to-End Distances)
G.2 Form of the Data Set
G.3 Output of the Program
H. Some Historical Aspects
H.1 The Earliest History
H.2 Natural Rubber in the Un-Cross-Linked State
H.3 Cross-Linked Natural Rubber
H.4 The Plantation Movement East
H.5 Some Additional Scientific Developments
H.6 The Effects of World War II
H.7 The Postwar Period
References
Selected General Bibliography
Author Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Subject Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z

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Structures and Properties of Rubberlike Networks

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