
Prescriptive Reasoning
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The topic of this volume is prescriptive reasoning. Descriptive claims say how the world is, was, or will be; prescriptive claims say how the world should be. We have fairly clear rules for reasoning with descriptive claims; the goal of the first essay, "Reasoning with Prescriptive Claims," is to clarify how to reason with prescriptive ones. The first step in doing so is to justify our viewing prescriptions as true or false. That justification is part of a general approach to reasoning in which many kinds of evaluations are taken to be true-false divisions. That view has been implicit if not explicit in analyses of reasoning from formal logic , and in "Truth and Reasoning" reasons for adopting that methodology are set out. Theories, too, seem to be descriptive or prescriptive: some say how the world is, others how the world should be. Yet in "Prescriptive Theories?" it is shown that on close examination the distinction evaporates, unless, that is, one says that certain theories about values use an entirely different notion of truth than is used in science and is codified in our usual methods of reasoning. Absent that, there seems to be no justification for constructing and evaluating what are typically thought of as prescriptive theories differently from descriptive ones. In the final essay, "Rationality," what we mean by the idea of someone being rational is investigated and the limitations of that label in evaluating reasoning or actions is shown.
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Content
Truth and Reasoning
Prescriptive Theories?
Rationality
Bibliography
Index
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