Technologies for RF Systems

Name: Technologies for RF Systems
Brand: Artech House
Price: 157.99 EUR
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Terry Edwards(Author)

Artech House (Publisher)

Published on 1. January 2018

330 pages

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978-1-63081-452-6 (ISBN)

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Intro
Technologies for RF Systems
Contents
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1 Twenty-First Century RF Systems and Electronics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Abbreviations Relating to Symbols Used in this Book
1.3 Antennas
1.4 The Challenge of Frequency Bands and Wavelengths
1.5 Software-Defined Radio and Cognitive Radio
1.6 The Challenge of Noise
1.7 RF Receivers
1.8 RF Filters
1.9 ADCs and DACs
1.10 Oscillators, Mixers, and Frequency Converters
1.11 Semiconductor Device Requirements
1.12 Semiconductor Manufacturing
1.13 Diodes and Transistors
1.14 Hybrid Circuits and MMICs
1.15 The Challenge of RF Power Amplification
1.16 Electronic Design Automation
References
CHAPTER 2 RF Semiconductors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Semiconductor Materials
2.2.1 Bandgap
2.2.2 Drift Velocity
2.2.3 Resistors Made from Semiconductors
2.2.4 Electron Speed and Transit Time
2.2.5 Some Further Important Properties of Semiconductors
2.2.6 Semiconductor Manufacturing
2.3 Semiconductor Diodes (RF-Oriented)
2.3.1 Some Semiconductor Junction Diode Fundamentals
2.3.2 P-I-N Diodes
2.3.3 Varactor Diodes
2.3.4 Noise in RF Diodes
2.4 Transistors
2.4.1 Introductory Remarks
2.4.2 High Frequency Circuit Models for Transistors
2.4.3 CMOS and Related Transistor Technologies
2.4.4 GaAs and GaN Field-Effect Transistors
2.4.5 The GaAs HEMT and pHEMT
2.4.6 The GaN HEMT
2.4.7 Bipolar RF Transistors
2.5 MMICs and RFICs
References
CHAPTER 3 Passive RF Components
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Discrete Passive RF Components
3.2.1 Capacitors
3.2.2 Inductors
3.2.3 Resistors
3.3 RF Transmission Lines
3.3.1 Coaxial Lines
3.3.2 Microstrip
3.4 Coplanar Waveguide
3.5 Substrate Integrated Waveguide
References
CHAPTER 4 Passive RF Circuit Elements
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fundamentals of Directional Couplers
4.3 The Lange Coupler
4.3.1 EM Structure
4.4 Wilkinson Power Dividers
4.4.1 Introduction to Wilkinson Dividers
4.4.2 Equal-Split Wilkinson Dividers
4.4.3 Unequal-Split Wilkinson Dividers
4.4.4 Multiport Equal-Split Wilkinson Dividers
4.5 Baluns
References
CHAPTER 5 Switches, Attenuators, and Digital Circuits
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solid State RF Switches
5.2.1 Some Overall Aspects
5.2.2 Reflective and Nonreflective SPDT GaAs FET Switches
5.3 Attenuators
5.4 Digital Circuits
5.4.1 Selected Examples of Logic Gates
5.4.2 Digital Signal Processors
5.4.3 Electronically Programmable Read-Only Memories
5.4.4 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
5.4.5 Provision for Built-In Test and Related Requirements
5.4.6 Technology Utilized for Digital Circuit Elements
References
CHAPTER 6 Radio-Frequency Filters
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Review of Basic Concepts and Fundamentals
6.3 Technology Options
6.4 LPFs Formed with Cascaded Microstrips
6.5 Microwave BPFs
6.6 Suspended Substrate Stripline Filters
6.7 Inline Microstrip Filter Structures
6.8 Filters Using Defected Ground Plane Technology
6.9 Dielectric Resonators and Filters Implementing Them
6.10 SIW-Based BPFs
6.11 Millimeter-Wave BPFs
6.12 Tunable BPFs
References
CHAPTER 7 Antennas
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Antenna Fundamentals
7.2.1 Near-Field and Far-Field Conditions
7.2.2 Radiation Patterns and Beamwidth
7.2.3 Directivity
7.2.4 Radiation Efficiency
7.2.5 Aperture Efficiency
7.2.6 Effective Area
7.2.7 Gain
7.2.8 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
7.2.9 Friis' Equation
7.2.10 Impedance Matching
7.2.11 Polarization
7.2.12 Antenna Noise Temperature
7.2.13 Gain-Temperature Ratio
7.3 Dish Reflector Antennas
7.4 Flat-Panel or Patch Antennas
7.5 Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Beamforming
7.6 Active Electronically-Scanned Arrays
References
CHAPTER 8 Small-Signal RF Amplifiers
8.1 Review of Amplifier Fundamentals
8.2 Basic RF Amplifiers
8.2.1 Practical RF Amplifier Realization
8.2.2 Interstage or Inner Matching Networks
8.3 The Vital Issue of Stability
8.4 Fundamental Receiver Characteristics Leading to the Need for AGC
8.4.1 Toward an Effective AGC Circuit Design
8.5 High-Gain RF Amplifiers
8.6 Broadband Amplifiers
8.6.1 Basic Requirements
8.6.2 Balanced Amplifiers
8.6.3 Distributed Amplifiers
References
CHAPTER 9 Noise and LNAs
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Noise Factor, Noise Figure, and Equivalent Noise Temperature
9.3 Noise Figure for an Attenuating Element
9.4 Minimum Detectable Signal
9.5 Noise in Transistors
9.5.1 Thermal Noise, Particularly Thermal Diffusion Noise
9.5.2 Shot Noise
9.5.3 Flicker Noise
9.5.4 Phase Noise
9.5.5 Variation of Noise Figure with Frequency
9.6 Overall Noise Figure for Cascaded Blocks
9.7 Noise-Matching and Narrowband LNA Design
References
CHAPTER 10 RF Power Amplifiers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Some Basic Aspects of RFPAs
10.3 Transistor Choices, Hybrid Circuits, and MMICs
10.4 Power Levels, Power Gains, and Efficiency
10.4.1 Internal Transistor Output Characteristics
10.4.2 RFPA Output-Input Power Transfer Characteristics
10.4.3 Amplifier Efficiency
10.5 Compression and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
10.5.1 Compression and a Summary of Main Parameters
10.5.2 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
10.6 Error Vector Magnitude
10.7 Classifications of Power Amplifiers
10.7.1 Class A Amplifiers
10.7.2 Class B and AB Amplifiers
10.7.3 Class C Amplifiers
10.8 Harmonically Matched Power Amplifiers
10.8.1 Switched-Mode RFPAs
10.8.2 Class F Power Amplifiers
10.9 The Doherty Power Amplifier Configuration
10.10 The Envelope-Tracking Amplifier
10.11 High Power Push-Pull Amplifiers
10.12 Other Practical RFPA Circuits
10.12.2 Ka-Band PA MMIC Examples
10.13 The Distortion Issue and Linearization Techniques
10.13.1 Linearity and Intermodulation Distortion
10.13.2 Linearization Techniques
10.14 Some Final Overall Comments Regarding RFPAs
References
CHAPTER 11 RF-Oriented ADCs and DACs
11.1 Introduction
11.2 ADCs
11.2.1 Quantization and Sampling
11.2.2 Sampling in Practical ADCs
11.2.3 Effective Number of Bits
11.2.4 Quantization Error and Quantization Noise
11.2.5 Quantization Static Error and Sampling Distortion
11.2.6 Sampling Jitter
11.2.7 Aliasing and Antialiasing
11.2.8 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio
11.3 ADC Architectures
11.3.1 The Flash ADC Architecture
11.3.2 The Folding ADC Architecture
11.3.3 Pipelined ADC Architecture
11.3.4 Time-Interleaved ADCs
11.4 Digital-to-Analog Converters
11.4.1 Basic Structure and Functionality of a DAC
11.4.2 DAC Resolution, Speed, and Figures of Merit
11.4.3 Some Practical Aspects of High-Speed DACs
References
CHAPTER 12 Radio Frequency Sources
12.1 Some Fundamental Aspects of RF Oscillators
12.2 Some Fundamental Aspects of RF Oscillators
12.3 Quartz Crystal Oscillators
12.3.1 The Quartz Crystal
12.3.2 Quartz Crystal-Based Oscillators
12.4 Oscillators Controlled by Dielectric Resonators
12.5 VCOs
12.6 Importance and Impact of Phase Noise
12.7 Frequency Multipliers
12.8 Frequency Dividers
12.9 Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Frequency Synthesizers
12.9.1 Basic Configuration
12.9.2 The Fractional-N Frequency Synthesiser
References
CHAPTER 13 Frequency-Band Conversion
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fundamentals of Mixers
13.2.1 Basic Features
13.2.2 Image Frequency
13.3 Diode-Based Mixers
13.3.1 The Single-Ended Diode Mixer
13.3.2 The Double-Diode Mixer
13.3.3 The Image-Reject Mixer
13.3.4 Upconverters
13.4 Transistor-Based Mixers
13.4.1 The Single-Ended FET Mixer
13.4.2 Differential FET Mixer
13.4.3 CMOS-Based Mixers
13.4.4 Mixer Implementing a Cascode Circuit
13.4.5 The Gilbert Cell Mixer
References
CHAPTER 14 Modulation Techniques and Technologies
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Amplitude Modulation
14.3 Frequency Modulation
14.4 Digital Modulation
14.4.1 Specific Aspects Relating to Digitally Modulated Systems
14.4.2 ASK, OOK, and FSK
14.4.3 BPSK and QPSK
14.4.4 M-PSK, QAM, and APSK
14.4.5 Spectral Efficiency of the Various Digital Systems
14.4.6 Probability of Bit Error or Bit Error Rates
14.4.7 Closed-Form Expressions for the Complementary Error Function
14.4.8 BER Data Compared
14.4.9 Spread-Spectrum Modulation
14.4.10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
14.5 Transceivers
14.5.1 Basic Concept of a Transceiver
14.5.2 Software-Defined Radio
14.5.3 Full-Duplex Radios
14.5.4 Transceiver Modules for Short-Range Radio
References
Appendix A Logarithmic Units
Appendix B S-Parameters and X-Parameters
B.1 Scattering (S)-Parameters
B.2 X-Parameters
References
Acronyms and Abbreviations
About the Author
Index

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Technologies for RF Systems

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