Introduction to Carbon Science

ForewordAcknowledgmentsAn Introduction to AuthorsChapter 1 Structure in Carbons and Carbon Forms Summary 1 Introduction - Setting the Scene 1.1 The Element Carbon 1.2 Bonding in Carbon Materials 1.3 Diamond and Graphite - Perfect Structure 2 Order/Disorder 2.1 More-ordered Structures 2.2 Less-ordered Structures 2.3 Range of Order 3 Carbon Forms 3.1 Graphitic Carbons (Natural and Synthetic Graphites) 3.2 Non-graphitic Carbons and Graphitization 3.3 Graphitizable and Non-graphitizable Carbons 3.4 Pitches 3.5 Cokes 3.6 Coals 3.7 Carbon Fibers 3.8 Other Carbon Materials 4 Composites 4.1 Graphitic Composites 4.2 Carbon Electrodes 4.3 Carbon/Carbon Composites 5 Methods of Studying Carbon Structure 5.1 Optical Microscopy 5.2 Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) 5.3 X-ray Diffraction 5.4 Raman Spectroscopy 5.5 Surface Techniques 6 Factors in Carbon Structures 7 Conclusions 7.1 The Diversity of Carbon ReferencesChapter 2 Mechanisms of Formation of Isotropic and Anisotropic Carbons Summary 1 Introduction 2 Isotropic Carbon 3 Graphitizable Carbon - The Problem 3.1 Background 3.2 Mesophase: Early Recognition 3.3 Nematic Liquid Crystals 3.4 Structure in Liquid Crystals 3.5 Nucleation of Mesophase 3.6 Structure within Mesophase 4 Chemistry and Viscosity of Pyrolysis Systems 4.1 Growth and Properties of Mesophase: Summary 4.2 Aspects of Mesophase Chemistry 4.3 Mesophase Growth and Coalescence 4.4 Carbons/Cokes from Mesophase from Pitch 5 Mesophase from Coal 5.1 Metallurgical Coke 5.2 Coal Chemistry 5.3 Mesophase Formation during Coal Pyrolysis ReferencesChapter 3 Physical Properties of Pitch Relevant to the Fabrication of Carbon Materials Summary 1 Introduction 2 Origins and Composition of Pitch 2.1 Coal-tar Pitch 2.2 Petroleum Pitch 2.3 Solubility as a Characterization Technique 2.4 Chemical Characteristics 2.5 Mesogenic Character of Pitch 3 Structure of Pitch 3.1 Pitch as a Glassy Solid 3.2 Pitch as a Colloidal System 3.3 Paniculate Inclusions 4 Rheological Properties of Pitch 4.1 Newtonian and non-Newtonian Flow 4.2 Effect of Temperature on the Viscosity Coefficient 4.3 Measurement of the Glass Transition Temperature 4.4 Factors Determining the Glass Transition Temperature and other Reference Temperatures 4.5 Effect of Particulate Matter on Rheology 4.6 Mesophase Rheology 5 Pyrolysis of Pitch 5.1 Transformation Diagrams 5.2 Uses of the Transformation Diagram 5.3 Experimental Diagram 6 Pitch as a Binder and Matrix Material in Engineering Materials 6.1 Effect on Porosity 6.2 Surface Activity of Pitch 7 Electrical Conductivity ReferencesChapter 4 Kinetics and Catalysis of Carbon Gasification Summary 1 Introduction 2 The Nature of Carbon Surfaces 3 Reactivity of Carbon 3.1 Selective Gasification 4 Reaction Kinetics and Mechanisms 4.1 Chemical and Diffusion Control of Rate 4.2 Reaction Rates 4.3 Chemisorption and Desorption 4.4 Importance of Active Surface Area (ASA) to Reactivity 4.5 Concept of Reactivity 5 The Carbon-Molecular Oxygen Reaction 6 The Carbon-Carbon Dioxide Reaction 7 The Carbon-Steam Reaction 8 The Carbon-Oxides of Nitrogen Reaction 9 The Carbon-Hydrogen Reaction 10 Comparison of Carbon Gasification Reactions 11 Catalysis of Oxidation Reactions 11.1 Effects of Catalysts on Reaction Kinetics 11.