
Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in the EU
Description
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This timely book presents the state-of-the-art of access to justice in environmental matters in the European Union. It provides a thematic and comparative introduction of the topic, followed by thorough descriptions of EC law and the law of each EU member state.
The chapters are written in English or French with a summary in the other language.
L'accès è la justice en matière d'environnement a fait l'objet de plus en plus de débats juridiques et de développements l'égislatifs en droit international, communautaire et national. La Convention d'Aarhus de 1998 définit de nouvelles normes de droit international, faisant suite à la Déclaration de Rio de 1992. Le droit communautaire en matière d'accès à la justice est en voie d'élaboration et déjà des changements peuvent être observés dans les lois nationales des États membres de l'Union européenne.
Cet ouvrage, qui arrive en temps opportun, présente l'état actuel de l'accès à la justice en matière d'environnement dans l'Union européanne. Une introduction thématique et comparative du sujet est suivie par une description approfondie du droit communautaire et du droit national de chaque État membre de l'Union européenne.
Les chapitres sont rédigés soit en français soit en anglais, accompagnés respectivement d'un résumé dans l'autre langue.
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Content
- Cover
- Half Title Page
- Editorial Board
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Preface
- Foreword
- Table of Contents
- List of Contributors
- 1 Comparative Introduction
- I THIS BOOK ...
- II ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
- 1 Why?
- 2 What?
- 3 Access to Justice in the Aarhus Convention
- 4 Access to Justice and International Human Rights Law
- III COMPARATIVE FINDINGS
- 1 Administrative and/or Judicial Review of Environmental Decision-making?
- 2 Criteria for Standing
- 3 Standing for Environmental Associations
- 4 Foreign Subjects and Non-discrimination
- 5 Remedies and Scope of Review
- 6 Challenging Administrative Regulations
- 7 Access to Environmental Information
- 8 Costs
- 9 Ombudsman
- 10 Conclusions
- SOMMAIRE: INTRODUCTION COMPARATIVE
- Cet ouvrage ...
- Accès à la justice en matière d'environnement
- Constatations comparatives
- 2 European Community
- I INTRODUCTION
- II ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE MEMBER STATES
- 1 Individuals' Rights and Effective Enforcement of Community Environmental Law
- 2 The Class of Persons with Standing
- 3 Standing for Environmental Association
- 4 Remedies and Scope of Review
- 5 Costs
- III ACCESS TO JUSTICE ON THE COMMUNITY LEVEL
- 1 Environmental Standards Binding the EC Institutions
- 2 Access to the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance
- 3 Standing for Environmental Associations
- 4 Remedies and Scope of Review
- 5 Access to Environmental Information
- 6 Costs
- 7 European Ombudsman
- IV CONCLUSIONS
- 1 Community Law and the Member States
- 2 Community Law and the Community Institutions
- SOMMAIRE: COMMUNAUTÉ EUROPÉENNE
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Accès à la justice dans les Etats membres
- 3 Accès à lajustice au niveau communautaire
- 4 Conclusion
- 3 Austria
- I INTRODUCTION
- 1 The Federal Structure of Austria
- 2 Relevant Legislation on Environmental Matters
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 Constitutional Basis
- 2 Administrative Review
- 3 Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions
- 4 Civil Remedies
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure
- 2 Public Participation Procedures
- 3 Right of Access to Environmental Information
- 4 Nature Conservation
- IV CONCLUSIONS
- SOMMAIRE: AUTRICHE
- 4 Belgium
- I INTRODUCTION
- II PRINCIPES GÉNÉRAUX
- 1 Bref apefçu de droit constitutionnel
- 2 Contentieux administratif : le Conseil d'État
- 3 Contentieux judiciaire : les Cours et Tribunaux
- III ASPECTS SPÉCIFIQUES
- 1 Un recours sui generis : l'action en cessation en matière de protection de l'environnement
- 2 Accès à l'information sur l'environnement
- IV CONCLUSIONS
- SUMMARY: BELGIUM
- 5 Denmark
- I INTRODUCTION
- 1 The Structure of Danish Environmental Law
- 2 Environmental Authorities
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 Constitutional Aspects and the Court System
- 2 Legal Review of Administrative Decisions
- 3 Circles of Persons with Individual Interest in Administrative and Judicial Appeals
- 4 Court Procedures
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Standings in Relation to Specific Projects two Important Cases
- 2 Rules on the Right of Appeal in Specific Environmental Legislation
- 3 Access to Environmental Information
- 4 Right to Challenge General Regulations
- IV CONCLUSION
- SOMMAIRE: DANEMARK
- 6 Finland
- I INTRODUCTION
- 1 Structure of Environmental Legislation and Administrative Instruments of Environmental Law
- 2 Institutions: Administration and Court System
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 Constitutional Aspects
- 2 Administrative Review and its Links to Judicial Review
- 3 Conceptual Matters and Basic Distinctions
- 4 Locus Standi and the Right to Appeal: General Remarks
- 5 Standing of NGOs
- 6 Grounds of Reviewing of a Decision
- 7 Scope of Review
- 8 Remedies
- 9 The Position of Foreign Subjects
- 10 Costs
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Environmental Impact Assessment
- 3 Planning and Building Activities
- 4 Nature Conservation
- 5 Extraction of Natural Resources
- 6 Pollution Control and Water Projects
- 7 Access to Environmental Information
- 8 Right to Challenge General Regulations
- IV CONCLUSIONS
- SOMMAIRE: FINLANDE
- 7 France
- I INTRODUCTION
- II PRINCIPES GÉNÉRAUX
- 1 Conditions du recours
- 2 Les actes attaquables
- 3 Les règles de procédure
- 4 Étendue du contrôle du juge
- 5 Les effets juridiques du recours
- 6 Les coûts
- 7 La procédure de réclamation auprès d'une autorité indépendante : le médiateur de la République
- III RÉGIMES SPÉCIAUX
- 1 Le contentieux des installations classées pour la protection de l'environnement
- 2 Les recours non juridictionnels des tiers en matières d'installations classées
- 3 Accès à l'information en matière d'environnement
- IV CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY: FRANCE
- 8 Germany
- I INTRODUCTION
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 Statutory Bases and General Procedural Aspects
- 2 Administrative Review
- 3 Constitutional Bases of Judicial Review
- 4 Standing Criteria
- 5 Grounds for Judicial Review
- 6 Scope of Review
- 7 Remedies
- 8 Standing of Organisations
- 9 Standing of Foreigners
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Protection of Nature
- 2 Infrastructure Projects and Environmental Impact Assessment
- 3 Local Plans and Construction Permits
- 4 Toxic Substances
- 5 Administrative Decisions that Violate European Community Law
- 6 Access to Information
- 7 Enforcement of Public Environmental Law through Civil Courts
- IV CONCLUSION
- SOMMAIRE: ALLEMAGNE
- 9 Greece
- I INTRODUCTION
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 The Constitutional Dimension of Access to Justice
- 2 Standing in Environmental Cases for Individuals and Associations
- 3 Standing for Public Territorial Entities
- 4 Remedies
- 5 Costs
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Access to Environmental Information
- 2 Standing to Challenge General Regulations
- IV CONCLUSIONS
- SOMMAIRE: GRÈCE
- 10 Ireland
- I INTRODUCTION
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 The Constitutional Context
- 2 Public Participation in Administrative Environmental Decision-making
- 3 Administrative Appeals against Decisions
- 4 Judicial Supervision of the Administration
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Special Statutory Provisions Regulating Judicial Review
- 2 Statutory Appeals to the Courts
- 3 Public Participation in the Enforcement of Environmental Laws
- IV CONCLUSION
- SOMMAIRE - IRLANDE
- 11 Italy
- I INTRODUCTION
- 1 Environmental Protection in Italian Law
- 2 Environmental Administration
- 3 The Competence of Recognized Environmental Organizations
- 4 The Status of Foreign Non-governmental Organizations
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 Judicial Protection of Citizens Against the Administration
- 2 Judicial Protection in Civil Courts
- 3 Judicial Protection in Administrative Courts
- 4 Protective Orders in Administrative Courts
- 5 Evidence Gathering in Administrative Courts
- 6 Judicial Review of the Administration's Inaction
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Specific Legislation and Access to Justice
- 2 Environmental Impact Assessments
- 3 Access to Environmental Information
- 4 Judicial Review of General Administrative Regulations
- 5 Costs Involved in Court Procedures
- IV CONCLUSIONS
- SOMMAIRE: ITALIE
- 12 Luxembourg
- I INTRODUCTION
- II PRINCIPES GÉNÉRAUX
- 1 Aperçu constitutionnel
- 2 La distinction entre les sphères civiles et administratives
- 3 La procédure administrative et la protection de l'administré
- 4 Recours non juridictionnels
- 5 Accès à la justice
- 6 Distinction entre actes individuels et actes à caractère réglementaire
- 7 Les recours possibles contre les actes individuels
- 8 Le recours en annulation contre les actes à caractère réglementaire
- 9 L'étendue du contrôle du juge et les effets juridiques du recours
- 10 Aperçu sur la procédure à suivre devant lesjuridictions administratives
- 11 Sursis à exécution
- 12 Moyens à la disposition du tribunal
- 13 Étrangers
- III ASPECTS SPÉCIFIQUES
- 1 Établissements classés
- 2 Protection de la nature
- 3 Accès à l'information sur l'environnement
- IV CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY: LUXEMBOURG
- 13 Netherlands
- I INTRODUCTION
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 Administrative Judicial Review is Limited to Individual Decisions
- 2 Administrative Review or Not?
- 3 Limiting the Review to Those with a Special Interest or Multi-stage actio popularis?
- 4 Administrative Judgement in One or Two Instances?
- 5 The National Ombudsman
- 6 The Most Important Environmental Decisions
- 7 The Position of NGOs
- 8 The Position of Foreign Subjects
- 9 Grounds for Review and Possible Outcome of the Procedure
- 10 Suspending Effect
- 11 Costs
- 12 Recent Developments and Intentions
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 General Rules for Enterprises
- 2 Policy Rules and Environmental Plans
- 3 Environmental Impact Assessment
- 4 Access to Environmental Information
- 5 Self-regulation
- IV CONCLUDING REMARKS
- SOMMAIRE: PAYS-BAS
- 14 Portugal
- I INTRODUCTION
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 Constitutional Aspects
- 2 Principles of Public Law
- 3 Civil Law Remedies
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Specific Legislation and Access to Justice
- 2 The Act on Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations
- 3 Land Management and Territorial Planning
- 4 Water Quality
- 5 Protection of the Cultural Patrimony
- 6 Industrial Licensing
- 7 Environmental Impact Assessment
- 8 Access to Environmental Information
- IV CONCLUSION
- SOMMAIRE: PORTUGAL
- 15 Spain
- I INTRODUCTION
- II PRINCIPES GÉNÉRAUX
- 1 Accès à l'information et participation du public
- 2 Le recours administratif
- 3 Le recours contentieux administratif
- 4 Les recours contentieux spéciaux
- 5 Les coûts du recours contentieux
- III RÉGIMES PARTICULIERS
- 1 L'initiative législative populaire
- 2 Le droit de pétition
- 3 Le Defensor del Pueblo
- 4 Le Recurso de amparo constitucional
- IV CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY: SPAIN
- 16 Sweden
- I INTRODUCTION
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 Participation, Standing and Appeal in Environmental Cases
- 2 Standing for Environmental Associations
- 3 Scope of Review
- 4 Remedies
- 5 Costs
- 6 Particular Legal Review Procedure by Administrative Courts
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Government Assessment of Installations and Activities under the Environmental Code
- 2 Nature Conservation
- 3 Access to Environmental Information
- 4 Review of Administrative Norms of a General Application
- 5 Planning
- 6 Particular Projects and Activities
- 7 Ombudsman
- IV CONCLUSIONS
- SOMMAIRE: SUÈDE
- 17 United Kingdom
- I INTRODUCTION
- II GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- 1 Constitutional Context
- 2 Judicial Supervision of the Administration - Some Starting-points
- 3 Standing
- 4 Subjects and Grounds of Judicial Review
- 5 Procedures and Evidence
- 6 Remedies and Costs
- 7 Openness and Transparency in Administrative Decision-making
- 8 Public Participation in First Instance Administrative Decision-making
- 9 Administrative Review and Ombudsman Investigations
- III SPECIFIC MATTERS
- 1 Justice and the Private/Public Divide
- 2 European Human Rights Convention and the Human Rights Act 1998
- IV CONCLUSIONS
- SOMMAIRE: ROYAUME-UNI
- Back Cover
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