
Applied Numerical Methods Using MATLAB
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- Includes over 600 fully-solved problems with step-by-step solutions
- Limits presentations to basic concepts of solving numerical methods
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R. V. Dukkipati is a Professor and Chair of Mechanical Engineering at Fairfield University, as well as a consultant in the field of road vehicle accident reconstruction. He is a member of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences and Engineering (CASE), and a Fellow of both the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineers (CSME).
Content
- Cover
- Half-Title
- Title
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1: Numerical Computations
- 1.1 Taylor's Theorem
- 1.2 Number Representation
- 1.3 Error Considerations
- 1.3.1 Absolute and Relative Errors
- 1.3.2 Inherent Errors
- 1.3.3 Round-off Errors
- 1.3.4 Truncation Errors
- 1.3.5 Machine Epsilon
- 1.3.6 Error Propagation
- 1.4 Error Estimation
- 1.5 General Error Formula
- 1.5.1 Function Approximation
- 1.5.2 Stability and Condition
- 1.5.3 Uncertainty in Data or Noise
- 1.6 Sequences
- 1.6.1 Linear Convergence
- 1.6.2 Quadratic Convergence
- 1.6.3 Aitken's Acceleration Formula
- 1.7 Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 2: Linear System of Equations
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Methods of Solution
- 2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix
- 2.4 Matrix Inversion Method
- 2.4.1 Augmented Matrix
- 2.5 Gauss Elimination Method
- 2.5.1 MATLAB Program for the Gauss Elimination Method
- 2.6 Gauss-Jordan Method
- 2.6.1 MATLAB Program for the Gauss Jordan Method
- 2.7 Cholesky's Triangularization Method
- 2.8 Crout's Method
- 2.8.1 MATLAB Program for Crout's Method
- 2.9 Thomas Algorithm for Tridiagonal System
- 2.9.1 MATLAB Program for the Thomas Method for Tridiagonal Systems
- 2.10 Jacobi's Iteration Method
- 2.10.1 MATLAB Program for the Jacobi Iteration Method
- 2.11 Gauss-Seidel Iteration Method
- 2.11.1 MATLAB Program for the Gauss Seidel Method
- 2.12 Symmetric Matrix Eigenvalue Problems
- 2.12.1 The Jacobi Method
- 2.12.2 MATLAB Function for the Jacobi Method
- 2.12.3 Householder Reduction to Tridiagonal Form
- 2.12.4 Gerschgorin's Circle Theorem
- 2.12.5 Sturm Sequence
- 2.12.6 QR Method
- 2.12.7 Power Method
- 2.12.8 Inverse Power Method
- 2.13 Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 3: Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Bisection Method
- 3.2.1 Error Bounds
- 3.3 Method of False Position
- 3.3.1 MATLAB Program for the False Position Method
- 3.4 Newton-Raphson Method
- 3.4.1 Convergence of the Newton-Raphson Method
- 3.4.2 Rate of Convergence of the Newton-Raphson Method
- 3.4.3 MATLAB Program for the Newton Raphson Method
- 3.4.4 Modified Newton-Raphson Method
- 3.4.5 Rate of Convergence of Modified Newton-Raphson Method
- 3.5 Successive Approximation Method
- 3.5.1 Error Estimate in the Successive Approximation Method
- 3.6 Secant Method
- 3.6.1 Convergence of the Secant Method
- 3.6.2 MATLAB Program to Search for a Root of the Function f(x) in the Interval (a,b)
- 3.6.3 MATLAB Program for Secant Method
- 3.7 Muller's Method
- 3.7.1 MATLAB Program for Muller's Method
- 3.8 Chebyshev Method
- 3.9 Aitken's ?2 Method
- 3.10 Brent's Method
- 3.10.1 MATLAB Program for Brent's Method
- 3.11 Newton Method for a System of Nonlinear Equations
- 3.12 Comparison of Iterative Methods
- 3.13 MATLAB Built-in Function: fzero
- 3.14 Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 4: Numerical Differentiation
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Derivatives Based on Newton's Forward Integration Formula
- 4.2.1 MATLAB Program for Derivatives Based on Newton's Forward Integration Formula-Equally Spaced Points
- 4.3 Derivatives Based on Newton's Backward Interpolation Formula
- 4.4 Derivatives Based on Stirling's Interpolation Formula
- 4.5 Maxima and Minima of a Tabulated Function
- 4.6 Cubic Spline Method
- 4.7 Richardson Extrapolation
- 4.8 Differentiation of Unequally Spaced Data
- 4.9 MATLAB Built-in Functions: diff and gradient
- 4.10 Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 5: Finite Differences and Interpolation
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Finite Difference Operators
- 5.2.1 Forward Differences
- 5.2.2 Backward Differences
- 5.2.3 Central Differences
- 5.2.4 Error Propagation in a Difference Table
- 5.2.5 Properties of the Operator ?
- 5.2.6 Difference Operators
- 5.2.7 Relation Among the Operators
- 5.2.8 Representation of a Polynomial using Factorial Notation
- 5.3 Interpolation with Equal Intervals
- 5.3.1 Missing Values
- 5.3.2 Newton's Binomial Expansion Formula
- 5.3.3 Newton's Forward Interpolation Formula
- 5.3.4 MATLAB M-file: Newtonint
- 5.3.5 Newton's Backward Interpolation Formula
- 5.3.6 Error in the Interpolation Formula
- 5.4 Interpolation with Unequal Intervals
- 5.4.1 Lagrange's Interpolating Polynomial for Equal Intervals
- 5.4.2 function yint = Lagrangeint (x,y,xx)
- 5.4.3 Lagrange's Formula for Unequal Intervals
- 5.4.4 Hermite's Interpolation Formula
- 5.4.5 Inverse Interpolation
- 5.4.6 Lagrange's Formula for Inverse Interpolation
- 5.5 Central Difference Interpolation Formulae
- 5.5.1 Gauss's Forward Interpolation Formula
- 5.5.2 Gauss Backward Interpolation Formula
- 5.5.3 Bessel's Formula
- 5.5.4 Stirling's Formula
- 5.5.5 Laplace-Everett's Formula
- 5.5.6 Selection of an Interpolation Formula
- 5.6 Divided Differences
- 5.6.1 Newton's Divided Difference Interpolation Formula
- 5.7 Cubic Spline Interpolation
- 5.8 Generalized Spline Method
- 5.8.1 Splines
- 5.8.2 Linear Splines
- 5.8.3 Quadratic Splines
- 5.8.4 Cubic Splines
- 5.8.5 End Conditions
- 5.8.6 MATLAB Built-in Function: spline
- 5.8.7 Multidimensional Interpolation
- 5.8.8 MATLAB Built-in Function: interpl
- 5.9 Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 6: Curve Fitting, Regression, and Correlation
- Approximating Curves
- Linear Regression
- 6.1 Linear Equation
- 6.2 Curve Fitting With a Linear Equation
- 6.3 Criteria for a Best Fit
- 6.4 Linear Least-Squares Regression
- 6.5 Linear Regression Analysis
- 6.5.1 MATLAB built-in function: polyfit
- 6.5.2 MATLAB built-in function: polyval
- 6.6 Interpretation of a and b
- Assumptions in the Regression Model
- 6.7 Standard Deviation of Random Errors
- 6.8 Coefficient of Determination
- 6.9 Linear Correlation
- Properties of the Linear Correlation Coefficient r
- Explained and Unexplained Variation
- 6.10 Linearization of Nonlinear Relationships
- 6.11 Polynomial Regression
- 6.11.1 Polynomial Fit
- 6.11.2 MATLAB Built-in Functions for Polynomial Fit
- 6.12 Quantification of Error of Linear Regression
- 6.13 Multiple Linear Regression
- 6.14 Weighted Least-Squares Method
- 6.15 Orthogonal Polynomials and Least-Squares Approximation
- 6.16 Least-Squares Method for Continuous Data
- 6.17 Approximation Using Orthogonal Polynomials
- 6.18 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Process
- 6.19 Fitting a Function Having a Specified Power
- 6.20 Fitting a Cubic Spring Model
- 6.21 Additional Example Problems and Solutions
- 6.22 Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 7: Numerical Integration
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.1.1 Relative Error
- 7.2 Newton-Cotes Closed Quadrature Formula
- 7.3 Trapezoidal Rule
- 7.3.1 Error Estimate in Trapezoidal Rule
- 7.3.2 MATLAB Functions: trapz and cumtrapz
- 7.4 Simpson's 1/3 Rule
- 7.4.1 Error Estimate in Simpson's 1/3 Rule
- 7.4.2 MATLAB Program for Simpson's Integration: simpsonint
- 7.4.3 MATLAB Built-in Functions: quad and quad1
- 7.5 Simpson's 3/8 Rule
- 7.6 Boole's and Weddle's Rules
- 7.6.1 Boole's Rule
- 7.6.2 Weddle's Rule
- 7.7 Romberg's Integration
- 7.7.1 Richardson's Extrapolation
- 7.7.2 Romberg Integration Formula
- 7.7.3 MATLAB Program for Romberg Integration: Romberg
- 7.8 Gaussian Quadrature
- 7.8.1 Gaussian Integration Formulas
- 7.8.2 Orthogonal Polynomials
- 7.8.3 Gauss-Lagendre Quadrature
- 7.8.4 Gauss-Chebyshev Quadrature Method
- 7.8.5 Gauss-Laguerre Quadrature
- 7.8.6 Gauss-Hermite Quadrature
- 7.8.7 MATLAB Programs for Gaussian Quadrature: gaussnodes and gaussquad
- 7.9 Double Integration
- 7.9.1 Trapezoidal Method
- 7.9.2 Simpson's 1/3 Rule
- 7.9.3 MATLAB Built-in Function for Double Integration: dblquad
- 7.10 Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 8: Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 One-Step Methods or Single-Step Methods
- 8.2.1 Picard's Method of Successive Approximation
- 8.2.2 The Taylor's Series Method
- 8.3 Step-by-Step Methods or Marching Methods
- 8.3.1 Euler's Method
- 8.3.2 MATLAB Program for Euler's Method: euler
- 8.3.3 Modified Euler's Method
- 8.3.4 MATLAB Program for the Modified Euler's Method: modeuler
- 8.3.5 Runge-Kutta Methods
- 8.3.6 Predictor-Corrector Methods
- 8.4 MATLAB Functions for Ordinary Differential Equations: ode45, ode23, ode113, ode15s, ode23s, ode23t, ode23tb
- 8.5 System of First-order Ordinary Differential Equations
- 8.6 Initial Value Problems
- 8.6.1 The Taylor Series Method
- 8.6.2 Picard's Method
- 8.6.3 Second-Order Runge-Kutta Method
- 8.6.4 Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta Method
- 8.6.5 Euler's Formula
- 8.6.6 Modified Euler's Formula
- 8.6.7 Burlirsch-Stoer Method (Mid-Point Method)
- 8.6.8 The Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg Method
- 8.6.9 The Runge-Kutta-Butcher Method
- 8.7 Two-Point Boundary Value Problems
- 8.7.1 Finite Difference Method
- 8.7.2 Second-Order Differential Equations
- 8.7.3 The Shooting Method
- 8.8 Second-Order Initial Value Problem (IVP)
- 8.9 Second-Order Boundary Value Problem (BVP)
- 8.10 MATLAB Built-in Functions
- 8.11 Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 9: Direct Numerical Integration Methods
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Single Degree of Freedom System
- 9.2.1 Finite Difference Method
- 9.2.2 Central Difference Method
- 9.2.3 The Runge-Kutta Method
- 9.3 Multi-degree of Freedom Systems
- 9.4 Explicit Schemes
- 9.4.1 Central Difference Method
- 9.4.2 Two-Cycle Iteration with Trapezoidal Rule
- 9.4.3 Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta Method
- 9.5 Implicit Schemes
- 9.5.1 The Houbolt Method
- 9.5.2 Wilson Theta Method
- 9.5.3 The Newmark Beta Method
- 9.5.4 Park Stiffly Stable Method
- 9.6 Example Problems and Solutions Using MATLAB
- 9.7 Summary
- Exercises
- Additional Exercises
- Chapter 10: Matlab Basics
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.1.1 Starting and Quitting MATLAB
- 10.1.2 Display Windows
- 10.1.3 Entering Commands
- 10.1.4 MATLAB Expo
- 10.1.5 Abort
- 10.1.6 The Semicolon (
- )
- 10.1.7 Typing %
- 10.1.8 The clc Command
- 10.1.9 Help
- 10.1.10 Statements and Variables
- 10.2 Arithmetic Operations
- 10.3 Display Formats
- 10.4 Elementary Math Built-In Functions
- 10.5 Variable Names
- 10.6 Predefined Variables
- 10.7 Commands For Managing Variables
- 10.8 General Commands
- 10.9 Arrays
- 10.9.1 Row Vector
- 10.9.2 Column Vector
- 10.9.3 Matrix
- 10.9.4 Addressing Arrays
- 10.9.5 Adding Elements to a Vector or a Matrix
- 10.9.6 Deleting Elements
- 10.9.7 Built-in Functions
- 10.10 Operations with Arrays
- 10.10.1 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
- 10.10.2 Dot Product
- 10.10.3 Array Multiplication
- 10.10.4 Array Division
- 10.10.5 Identity Matrix
- 10.10.6 Inverse of a Matrix
- 10.10.7 Transpose
- 10.10.8 Determinant
- 10.10.9 Array Division
- 10.10.10 Left Division
- 10.10.11 Right Division
- 10.11 Element-By-Element Operations
- 10.11.1 Built-In Functions For Arrays
- 10.12 Random Numbers Generation
- 10.12.1 The Random Command
- 10.13 Polynomials
- 10.14 System of Linear Equations
- 10.14.1 Matrix Division
- 10.14.2 Matrix Inverse
- 10.15 Script Files
- 10.15.1 Creating and Saving a Script File
- 10.15.2 Running a Script File
- 10.15.3 Input to a Script File
- 10.15.4 Output Commands
- 10.16 Programming in Matlab
- 10.16.1 Relational and Logical Operators
- 10.16.2 Order of Precedence
- 10.16.3 Built-in Logical Functions
- 10.16.4 Conditional Statements
- 10.16.5 Nested if Statements
- 10.16.6 else AND elseif Clauses
- 10.16.7 MATLAB while Structures
- 10.17 Graphics
- 10.17.1 Basic 2-D Plots
- 10.17.2 Specialized 2-D Plots
- 10.17.3 3-D Plots
- 10.17.4 Saving and Printing Graphs
- 10.18 Input/Output In Matlab
- 10.18.1 The fopen Statement
- 10.19 Symbolic Mathematics
- 10.19.1 Symbolic Expressions
- 10.19.2 Solution to Differential Equations
- 10.19.3 Calculus
- 10.23 Summary
- References
- Exercises
- Chapter 11: Optimization
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Unconstrained Minimization of Functions
- 11.3 Minimization with Constraints Using Lagrange Multipliers
- 11.4 Numerical Optimization
- 11.4.1 Optimization Involving Single Variables
- 11.4.2 Local and Global Optima
- 11.4.3 Bracketing
- 11.4.4 Golden-Section Search
- 11.4.5 MATLAB Program for Bracketing Method
- 11.4.6 MATLAB Program for Golden-Section Search Method
- 11.5 Multidimensional Optimization
- 11.6 Gradient Methods
- 11.7 Newton's Method
- 11.7.1 MATLAB Program for Newton's Method
- 11.8 Methods Based on the Concept of Quadratic Convergence
- 11.8.1 Conjugate Directions for a Quadratic Function
- 11.9 Powell's Method
- 11.9.1 MATLAB Program for Powell's Optimization Method
- 11.10 Fletcher-Reeves Method
- 11.10.1 MATLAB Program for Fletcher-Reeves Optimization Method
- 11.11 The Hooks and Jeeves Method
- 11.12 Method of Successive Linear Approximation
- 11.13 Interior Penalty Function Method
- 11.14 MATLAB Built-in Functions
- 11.14.1 MATLAB Function: fminbnd
- 11.14.2 MATLAB Function: fminsearch
- 11.15 Additional Example Problems and Solutions
- 11.16 Summary
- References
- Exercises
- Chapter 12: Partial Differential Equations
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Classification of Linear Second-Order Partial Differential Equation
- 12.3 Types of Problems
- 12.4 Finite-Difference Approximation to Partial Derivatives
- 12.5 Physical Phenomena
- 12.5.1 Laplace's Equation
- 12.5.2 Heat Equation
- 12.5.3 Wave Equation
- 12.5.4 Equation Classification
- 12.6 Elliptic Equations
- 12.6.1 Central Difference Method
- 12.6.2 Boundary Conditions
- 12.6.3 Iterative Solution Methods
- 12.6.4 The Jacobi Method
- 12.6.5 Gauss-Seidel Method
- 12.6.6 Successive Over-Relaxation or S.O.R. Method
- 12.7 One-Dimensional Parabolic Equations
- 12.7.1 Explicit Forward Euler Method
- 12.7.2 Implicit Backward Euler Method
- 12.7.3 The Crank-Nicolson Implicit Method
- 12.7.4 function [t,x,U] =Heatone(T,a,m,n,beta,c,f,g)
- 12.7.5 function [x,y,U] = Heattwo(T,a,b,m,n,p,beta,f,g)
- 12.7.6 function [t,x,U] = Waveone(T,a,m,n,beta,f,g)
- 12.7.7 function [x,y,U] = Wavetwo (T,a,b,m,n,p,beta,f,g)
- 12.7.8 function [alpha,r,x,y,U] = Poisson (a,b,m,n,q,tol,f,g)
- 12.8 Two-Dimensional Parabolic Equations
- 12.9 One-Dimensional Hyperbolic Equations
- 12.9.1 D'Alembert's Solution
- 12.9.2 Explicit Central Difference Method
- 12.10 Two-Dimensional Hyperbolic Equations
- 12.10.1 Explicit Central Difference Method
- 12.11 MATLAB Built-in Function: pdepe
- 12.12 Summary
- Exercises
- Appendix A: Partial Fraction Expansions
- Case-I
- Partial Fraction Expansion when Q(s) has Distinct Roots
- Case-II
- Partial Fraction Expansion when Q(s) has Complex Conjugate Roots
- Case-III
- Partial Fraction Expansion when Q(s) has Repeated Roots
- Exercises
- Appendix B: Basic Engineering Mathematics
- B.1 Algebra
- B.1.1 Basic Laws
- B.1.2 Sums of Numbers
- B.1.3 Progressions
- B.1.4 Powers and Roots
- B.1.5 Binomial Theorem
- B.1.6 Absolute Values
- B.1.7 Logarithms
- B.2 Trigonometry
- B.2.1 Trigonometric Identities
- B.2.2 Cosine Law (Law of Cosines)
- B.2.3 Sine Law (Law of Sines)
- B.3 Differential Calculus
- B.3.1 List of Derivatives
- B.3.2 Expansion in Series
- B.4 Integral Calculus
- B.4.1 List of Most Common Integrals
- Appendix C: Cramer's Rule
- Exercises
- Appendix D: Matlab Built-In M-File Functions
- Appendix E: Matlab Programs
- Appendix F: Answers to Odd Numbered Exercises
- Bibliography
- Index
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