Medieval Cosmology
Theories of Infinity, Place, Time, Void, and the Plurality of Worlds
1st Edition
Published on 15. February 2011
634 pages
978-0-226-16924-8 (ISBN)
Description
These selections from Le systeme du monde, the classic ten-volume history of the physical sciences written by the great French physicist Pierre Duhem (1861-1916), focus on cosmology, Duhem's greatest interest. By reconsidering the work of such Arab and Christian scholars as Averroes, Avicenna, Gregory of Rimini, Albert of Saxony, Nicole Oresme, Duns Scotus, and William of Occam, Duhem demonstrated the sophistication of medieval science and cosmology.
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Foreword, by Stanley L. Jaki
- Preface
- Part I: The Two Infinites
- 1. Infinitely Small and Infinitely Large (VII, 3-88)
- Actual Infinity in Number and the Immortality of the Soul
- Geometric Arguments against Infinite Divisibility
- Are Invisibles Pure Abstractions?
- The Nature Minimum of a Substance
- Infinite Divisibility: Categorematic and Syncategorematic Infinities
- The Concept of Limit: Maximum and Minimum
- 2. Infinitely Large (VII, 89-157)
- The Scholastic Formulation of the Problem of the Infinitely Large
- The Possibility of the Syncategorematic Infinite
- The Possibility of the Categorematic Infinite: First Attempts
- The Possibility of the Categorematic Infinite: The Doctrine of Gregory of Rimini
- Gregory of Rimini's Adversaries: John Buridan and Albert of Saxony
- Gregory of Rimini's Followers: Nicole Oresme and Marsilius of Inghen
- 3. Infinity in Fifteenth-Century Cosmology: Paul of Venice (X, 392-96)
- Part II: Place
- 4. Theory of Place before the Condemnations of 1277 (VII, 158-202)
- Arabic Theory of Place
- The Questions of Master Roger Bacon
- Albertus Magnus
- Saint Thomas Aquinas
- Giles of Rome
- Graziadei of Ascoli
- Roger Bacon
- The Place of the World in the Firmament: Campanus of Novara and Pierre d'Ailly
- 5. Theory of Place from the Condemnations of 1277 to the End of the Fourteenth Century (VII, 202-302)
- A Proposition Condemned by Etienne Tempier: Richard of Middleton
- John Duns Scotus
- John of Jandun
- The Scotist School
- John of Bassols
- William of Ockham
- Walter Burley
- Nicholas Bonet
- John Buridan
- Albert of Saxony
- Marsilius of Inghen and John Buridan II
- The immobility of Place and God's Immutability: Thomas Wilton, Francis of Mayronnes, Nicholas Bonet, and Nicole Oresme
- 6. Place in Fifteenth-Century Cosmology
- Nicholas of Orbellis (X, 50)
- George of Brussels and Thomas Bricot (X, 79-81)
- Fifteenth-Century Albertists and Thomists (X, 159-60)
- Parisian Doctrines in Germany (X, 204-10)
- Paul of Venice (X, 396-412)
- Part III: Time
- 7. Time (VII, 363-411)
- Time according to John Duns Scotus
- Time according to Peter Aureol
- Time according to William of Ockham
- Time according to William Ockham (continued): The Absolute Clock
- The Analogy between Time and Place: Franciscus de Marchia
- Is the Absolute Clock Arbitrarily Chosen? Walter Burley, John Buridan, Albert of Saxony, and Marsilius of Inghen
- The Atomism of Gerard of Odon and Nicholas Bonet
- Movement and Time according to Nicholas Bonet. Although Continuous in the Mind, Successive Beings Are Discontinuous in Reality
- Time according to Nicholas Bonet: Physical Time and Mathematical Time
- The Problem of the Absolute Clock according to Graziadei of Ascoli
- Conclusion of the Problem of the Absolute Clock
- 8. Time in Fifteenth-Century Cosmology
- Paul of Venice (X, 415-17)
- Part IV: Void
- 9. Void and Movement in the Void (VIII, 7-60)
- The Void and Arabic Philosophy: Ibn Bajja
- The Impossibility of Void and Scholasticism before 1277: Ibn Bajja's Argument. Saint Thomas Aquinas and the Concept of Mass
- The Impossibility of Void and Scholasticism before 1277: The Void and the Plurality of Worlds
- The Condemnations of 1277 and the Possibility of Void
- Godfrey of Fontaines
- Henry of Ghent
- Richard of Middleton
- Ramon Lull
- William Varon
- John Duns Scotus
- Joannes Canonicus
- Petrus Aquilanus
- Robert Holkot
- Walter Burley
- John Buridan
- Albert of Saxony and Marsilus of Inghen
- Nicole Oresme
- Graziadei of Ascoli
- 10. Void in Fifteenth-Century Cosmology
- Nicholas of Orbellis (X, 50-51)
- John Hennon (X, 60-62)
- George of Brussels and Thomas Bricot (X, 81-84)
- Parisian Doctrines in Germany (X, 210-13)
- Paul of Venice (X, 417-22)
- Part V: The Plurality of Worlds
- 11. THe Problem of the Plurality of Worlds in Peripatetic Philosophy (I, 230-41)
- Aristotle and the Plurality of Worlds
- The Plurality of Worlds according to Simplicius and Averroes
- 12. The Problem of the Plurality of Worlds in Scholastic Philosophy (IX, 363-430)
- Scholasticism and the Plurality of Worlds before the Condemnations of 1277. The Plurality of Worlds and the Void: Michael Scot, William of Auvergne, and Roger Bacon. The Plurarlity of Worlds and the Change in Weight according to Its Distance from the Center of the World: Albertus Magnus and Saint Thomas Aquinas
- The Plurality of Worlds and the Condemnations of 1277: Godfrey of Fontaines, Henry of Ghent, Richard of Middleton, and Giles of Rome
- William Varon, John of Bassols, and Thomas of Strasburg
- John of Jandun
- William of Ockham and Robert Holkot
- John Buridan and Albert of Saxony
- Oxford University and the Assimilation of Weight to Magnetic Attraction
- The Return to Platonic Theory of Weight: Nicole Oresme
- The Spot on the Lunar Disk (The Man on the Moon)
- 13. The Plurality of Worlds in Fifteenth-Century Cosmology
- John Hennon (X, 70-72)
- George of Brussels and Thomas Bricot (X, 94-95)
- Paul of Venice (X, 437-440)
- John Major (Etudes II, 92-94)
- Gaetano of Thienis (Etudes II, 415-16)
- Nicholas of Cusa (X, 319-24)
- Notes
- Bibliography of Works Cited by Duhem (with References to Modern Editions and English Translations)
- Selected Duhem Bibliography: Historical and Philosophical Works
- Selected Bibliography of Works on Medieval Physical Sciences after Dunhem
- Index
