Membrane Based Desalination

Name: Membrane Based Desalination | An Integrated Approach
Brand: IWA Publishing
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An Integrated Approach

Enrico Drioli Alessandra Criscuoli Francesca Macedonio(Author)

IWA Publishing

Published on 14. April 2011

247 pages

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978-1-78040-091-4 (ISBN)

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Reverse osmosis is the dominant technology in water desalination. However, some critical issues remain open: improvement of water quality, enhancement of the recovery factor, reduction of the unit water cost, minimizing the brine disposal impact. This book aims to solve these problems with an innovative approach based on the integration of different membrane operations in pre-treatment and post-treatment stages.

Membrane-Based Desalination: An Integrated Approach (acronym MEDINA) has been a three year project funded by the European Commission within the 6th Framework Program. The project team has developed a work programme aiming to improve the current design and operation practices of membrane systems used for water desalination, trying to solve or, at least, to decrease the critical issues of sea and brackish water desalination systems. In the book, the main results achieved in the nine Work Packages constituting the project will be described, and dismissed by the leaders of the various WPs.

The following areas are explored in the book: the development of advanced analytical methods for feed water characterization, appropriate fouling indicators and prediction tools, procedures and protocols at full-scale desalination facilities; the identification of optimal seawater pre-treatment strategies by designing advanced hybrid membrane processes (submerged hollow fibre filtration/reaction, adsorption/ion exchange/ozonation) and comparison with conventional methods; the optimisation of RO membrane module configuration, cleaning strategies, reduction of scaling potential by NF; the development of strategies aiming to approach the concept of Zero Liquid Discharge (increasing the water recovery factor up to 95% by using Membrane Distillation - MD; bringing concentrates to solids by Membrane Crystallization or Wind Intensified Enhanced Evaporation) and to reduce the brine disposal environmental impact and cost; increase the sustainability of desalination process by reducing energy consumption (evaluation of MD, demonstration of a new energy recovery device for SWRO installations) and use of renewable energy (wind and solar).

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Content

Cover
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgement
List of contributors
Introduction
Chapter 1: Water quality assessment tools
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Water quality characterization tools
1.2.1 Liquid chromatography - organic carbon detection
1.2.2 Fluorescence excitation emission matrix
1.2.3 Enumeration, identification and diversity of marine microorganisms including bacteria and phytoplankton
1.3 Development of particulate fouling indices
1.3.1 SDI and MFI
1.3.2 Modified fouling index ultrafiltration at constant flux
1.3.3 Crossflow sampler modified fouling index ultrafiltration
1.4 Assessment of biofouling potential of salt and brackish water for RO desalination plants - BDOC/LC-OCD
1.4.1 Method
1.4.2 Sampling
1.4.3 Test procedure
1.4.4 Results
1.5 Determination of the concentrations of AOC and ATP in seawater
1.5.1 Introduction
1.5.2 Materials and methods
References
Chapter 2: Evaluation and comparison of seawater and brackish water pre-treatment
2.1 Removal of organic matter and microbial characterization in pretreatment MBR system for RO seawater desalination
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Results
2.2 Submerged ultrafiltration for reducing nom in SWRO desalination
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Experimental activity
2.2.3 Results and discussions
2.2.4 Conclusions
2.3 Comparison of granular media filtration and low-pressure membrane filtration for seawater pretreatment
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Pilot-scale experimental set up
2.3.3 Water quality parameters and fouling indices
2.3.4 Results and interpretation
2.3.5 Conclusions
2.4 Comparison of different pretreatment methods for RO desalination
2.4.1 Biofilter as pretreatment to membrane based desalination: evaluation interms of fouling index
2.4.2 Fibre media filtration as a pretretment for seawater
2.4.3 Submerged microfiltration coupled with physico-chemical processes as pre-treatment to sea water desalination
2.5 Submerged hollow fiber system as pre-treatment for the sea water reverse osmosis: Effect of the operation conditions and the characterizations of the permeate quality
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Method and materials
2.5.3 Data analysis
2.5.4 Results and discussions
2.5.5 Conclusions
2.6 Ultrafiltration-based hybrid processes for pre-treatment to seawater reverse osmosis desalination
2.6.1 Introduction
References
Chapter 3: Development of tools for RO fouling characterization and understanding
3.1 Membrane autopsies
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Presentation of studied sites
3.1.3 Membrane sampling protocol and analytical tools
3.1.4 Results
3.2 Specific organic compounds analyses
3.2.1 13C-NMR
3.2.2 Flash pyrolysis - GC/MS analysis
3.2.3 Thermochemolysis TMAH analysis: fatty acids analysis
3.3 Quantitative biomass parameters
3.4 Molecular analysis
3.4.1 Adaptation of molecular tools to analyze microbial community structure: homogeneity and reproducibility
3.4.2 Bacterial diversity at different desalination plants
3.4.3 Evolution of bacterial communities in SWRO membranes from one full-scale desalination plant (Site D) according to module usage time
3.4.4 Conclusions
3.5 General conclusion on autopsy tools relevancy
3.5.1 Tools for microscopic observation
3.5.2 Inorganic matter characterization
3.5.3 Organic matter characterization
3.5.4 Microbial characterization
References
Chapter 4: Development of cleaning strategies for RO membranes
4.1 Cleaning of spiral-wound membranes
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Study objectives
4.1.3 Summary of results
4.1.4 General discussion
4.1.5 Conclusions and recommendations
4.2 Development of a laboratory method for testing membrane cleaning procedures
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Principle of the test
4.2.3 Production of biofilm samples
4.2.4 Biofilm samples and biomass concentrations
4.2.5 Cleaning test procedures
4.2.6 Cleaning efficiency for biofilms on polymer tubing
4.2.7 Validation tests
4.2.8 Discussion and conclusions
4.3 Effects of chemicals on membrane permeability and foulants in laboratory tests
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Methods and materials
4.3.3 Analysis of inorganic compounds
4.3.4 Results and discussion
4.3.5 Conclusions
4.4 Effects of cleaning on membrane performance in a pilot plant
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Pilot plant, membranes and test procedures
4.4.3 Results
4.4.4 Discussion and conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Process strategies for mitigation of impact of concentrates on the environment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 WT 5.1: Reduction of brine volume
5.2.1 BWRO concentrate disposal by deep well injection: design criteria for BWRO plants and field test results
5.2.2 Vacum membrane distillation
5.3 WT 5.2: Recovery of dissolved salts as crystalline product
5.3.1 Membrane crystallization
5.3.2 Wind-Aided Intensified eVaporation
5.4 WT 5.3: Economic evaluation
5.4.1 Description and results of the economical evaluation
5.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Innovative technologies to reduce energy consumption in seawater desalination facilities
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Preparation and characterization of membranes
6.3 Membrane distillation and solar energy
6.3.1 Development and validation of a meteorogical model
6.3.2 Experiments at lab-scale on configurations coupling solar collector and VMD
6.3.3 Design of a semi-industrial pilot plant
6.4 Study and development of solar systems coupled with membrane distillation
References
Chapter 7: Optimization and modelling of seawater and brackish water reverse osmosis desalination processes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Optimization of NF membranes used in the pre-treatment of membrane based desalination
7.2.1 Membrane preparation
7.2.2 Membrane characterization
7.2.3 Development of NF membranes with low fouling properties
7.2.4 Conclusions and outlook
7.3 Use of membrane contactors for controlling the water gas composition
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Membrane characterization
7.3.3 Results and discussion
7.3.4 Conclusions and outlook
7.4 Comprehensive modelling of the RO desalination process and optimizing hydraulics in spiral wound elements
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Materials and methods
7.4.3 CFD modelling
7.4.4 Results and discussion
7.5 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Integrated system configuration
8.1 Introduction
8.2 WT 8.1: Critical state of the art of the desalination technologies
8.3 WT 8.2 and WT 8.3: Study and optimization of different integrated systems
8.3.1 Integrated membrane processes: systems' design and analysis
8.3.2 Integrated membrane processes: systems' modelling
8.4 WT 8.4: Economic evaluation of the integrated membrane systems
8.5 WT 8.5: Quantitative indicators
8.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Environmental impact assessment (EIA) and life cycle analysis (LCA) of membrane-based desalination plants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Environmental impacts
9.2.1 Concentrate disposal
9.2.2 Pretreatment and cleaning chemicals
9.2.3 Energy use
9.2.4 Other environmental concerns
9.3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
9.3.1 EIA process
9.3.2 Environmental monitoring
9.4 Best Available Techniques (BAT)
9.5 Decision support system
9.5.1 Case study
9.6 Energy and exergy analysis of integrated membrane systems
9.6.1 Integrated flow-sheets
9.6.2 Results and discussion
9.7 Conclusions
9.8 Acknowledgements
References
Conclusion
Appendix I
Appendix II

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