
Introduction to Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems, Second Edition
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Content
- Intro
- Introduction to Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Introduction to Imaging
- 1.2 Infrared and EO Systems
- 1.3 Wavelength Dependencies
- 1.4 Typical EO Scenario
- 1.5 Typical Infrared Scenario
- 1.6 Analytical Parameters
- 1.7 Sensitivity and Resolution
- 1.8 Linear Systems Approach
- 1.9 Summary
- 1.10 Guide to the References
- References
- Chapter 2 Mathematics
- 2.1 Complex Functions
- 2.2 Common One-Dimensional Functions
- 2.3 Two-Dimensional Functions
- 2.4 Convolution and Correlation
- 2.5 The Fourier Transform
- 2.6 Properties of the Fourier Transform
- 2.7 Transform Pairs
- 2.8 Probability
- 2.9 Important Examples
- 2.10 Guide to the References
- 2.11 Exercises
- References
- Software
- Chapter 3 Linear Shift-Invariant Systems
- 3.1 Linear Systems
- 3.2 Shift Invariance
- 3.3 Basics of LSI Systems
- 3.4 Impulse Response
- 3.5 Transfer Function
- 3.6 System PSF and MTF Versus Component PSF and MTF
- 3.7 Spatial Sampling
- 3.8 Spatial Sampling and Resolution
- 3.9 Sampled Imaging Systems
- 3.10 Guide to the References
- 3.11 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 4 Diffraction
- 4.1 Electromagnetic Waves
- 4.2 Coherence
- 4.3 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction from an Aperture
- Fresnel Diffraction
- Fraunhofer Diffraction
- 4.4 Fraunhofer Diffraction from a Thin Lens
- 4.5 Thin Lens Optical System Diffraction Psf
- 4.6 Thin Lens Diffraction Mtf
- Modulation and Modulation Transfer Function
- Incoherent Diffraction MTF
- Coherent Diffraction MTF
- 4.7 Calculating Diffraction Mtf with Pencil and Paper
- Circular Pupil: Coherent MTF
- Circular Pupil: Incoherent MTF
- 4.8 Programs for Calculating Incoherent Diffraction Mtf
- 4.9 Applications of Diffraction Theory
- 4.10 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 5 Sources of Radiation
- 5.1 Radiometry and Photometry
- Radiometric Units
- Photometric Units
- 5.2 Infrared Targets and Backgrounds
- Blackbody Radiation
- Emissivity
- Equivalent Differential Temperature (Delta T)
- Apparent Differential Temperature (Apparent Delta T)
- Technique 1: Temperature-Broadband Beer's Law Product
- Technique 2: Temperature-Broadband Transmission as a Function of Range
- Technique 3: Flux-Broadband Beer's Law Product
- Technique 4: Flux-Temperature Differential
- 5.3 Electro-Optical Targets and Backgrounds
- External Sources
- Contrast
- 5.4 Other Sensitivity Considerations
- Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function
- Color Considerations
- 5.5 Target and Background Spatial Characteristics
- Bar Target Representation of Targets
- Target Delta T and Characteristic Dimension
- Summary of Target Characteristics
- Clutter
- Simulation of Target Characteristics
- 5.6 Typical Midwave and Longwave Contrasts and Solar Effects
- 5.7 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 6 Atmospherics
- 6.1 Atmospheric Components and Structure
- 6.2 Atmospheric Transmission
- 6.3 Absorption
- 6.4 Scattering
- 6.5 Path Radiance
- 6.6 Turbulence
- 6.7 Atmospheric MTF
- 6.8 Models
- 6.9 Model Discussion
- 6.10 Some Practical Considerations
- 6.11 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 7 Optics
- 7.1 Light Representation and the Optical Path Length
- 7.2 Reflection and Snell's Law of Refraction
- 7.3 The Thin Lens Ray-Tracing Rules and Gauss's Equation
- 7.4 Spherical Mirrors
- 7.5 Modeling the Thick Lens
- 7.6 Vergence
- 7.7 Multiple-Lens Systems
- 7.8 Field of View
- 7.9 Resolution
- 7.10 Aperture Stop, Pupils, and Rays
- 7.11 The f-Number and Numerical Aperture
- 7.12 Telescopes and Angular Magnification
- 7.13 Modulation Transfer Function
- 7.14 Aberrations
- 7.15 Optical Materials
- 7.16 Cold Stop and Cold Shield
- 7.17 A Typical Optical System
- 7.18 Diffraction Blur
- 7.19 Guide To the References
- 7.20 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 8 Detectors
- 8.1 Types of Detectors
- 8.2 Photon Detectors
- Photoconductors
- Photovoltaic Detectors
- Photoemissive Detectors
- 8.3 Thermal Detectors
- Bolometers
- Pyroelectric Detectors
- 8.4 Charge-Coupled Devices
- 8.5 Detector Responsivity
- 8.6 Detector Sensitivity
- 8.7 Detector Angular Subtense
- 8.8 Scanning Configurations and Implementations
- 8.9 Detector Transfer Functions
- 8.10 Infrared Detectors
- 8.11 Electro-Optical Systems
- 8.12 Noise
- 8.13 Basic Background-Limited Infrared Photodetection
- 8.14 New Infrared Detector Arrays
- Large-Format Arrays
- Dual-Band (Third-Generation FLIR) Detectors
- Laser Range-Gated Detectors and Active/Passive Detectors
- 8.15 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 9 Electronics
- 9.1 Detector Circuits
- 9.2 Conversion of Spatial and Temporal Frequencies
- 9.3 Electronics Transfer Function
- 9.4 Noise
- Johnson Noise
- 1/f Noise
- Shot Noise
- 9.5 MTF Boost Filter
- 9.6 EO Mux MTF
- 9.7 Digital Filter MTF
- 9.8 CCDs
- 9.9 Uniformity Correction or "NUC"
- 9.10 Readout Integrated Circuits
- 9.11 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 10 Image Processing
- 10.1 Basics of Sampling Theory
- 10.2 Applications of Image Filtering
- Localized Contrast Enhancement
- Boost Filtering
- 10.3 Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction
- Image Acquisition: Microdither Scanner Versus Natural Jitter
- Subpixel Shift Estimation
- Image Reconstruction
- Example and Performance Estimates
- 10.4 Image Fusion
- Fusion Algorithms
- 10.5 Summary
- References
- Chapter 11 Displays, Human Perception, and Automatic Target Recognizers
- 11.1 Displays
- 11.2 Cathode-Ray Tubes
- 11.3 Light-Emitting Diodes
- 11.4 Liquid-Crystal Displays
- 11.5 Plasma Displays
- 11.6 Sampling and Display Processing
- 11.7 Human Perception and the Human Eye
- 11.8 Modulation Transfer Function of the Eye
- 11.9 Contrast Threshold Function of the Eye
- 11.10 Automatic Target Recognition
- 11.11 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 12 Historical Performance Models
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Johnson Model Fundamentals
- 12.3 The MRT Model
- 12.4 The First Flirs and Models
- 12.5 Model Improvements for Resolution and Noise
- 12.6 Incorporating Eye Contrast Limitations
- 12.7 Model Improvement to Add Sampling
- 12.8 Other Improvements Prior to the Target Task Performance Metric
- 12.9 The TRM3 Model
- 12.10 Triangle Orientation Discrimination
- 12.11 Imager Modeling, Measurement, and Field Performance
- 12.12 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 13 Contrast Threshold and TTP Metric
- 13.1 Contrast Threshold Function of the Naked Eye
- 13.2 Contrast Threshold Function for the Eye-Display System
- 13.3 Validation of Eye-Display Contrast Threshold Model
- 13.4 Eye-Display Contrast Threshold Model
- Eye-Display Contrast Threshold Model
- Define Functions
- Comparison With Existing Models
- 13.5 TTP Metric and Range Performance Modeling
- 13.6 Guide to the References
- 13.7 Exercises
- Appendix 13A: Direct Calculations of CTFeye-disp,h
- Derivation of Equation (13.4)
- Derivation of Equation (13.5a)
- References
- Chapter 14 Infrared and EO System Performance and Target Acquisition
- 14.1 Sensitivity and Resolution
- 14.2 Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference
- 14.3 EO Noise and Noise Equivalent Irradiance
- Photon-Electron Shot Noise
- Fixed-Pattern Noise
- Readout (Floor) Noise
- Total Noise Current
- Noise Equivalent Irradiance
- 14.4 Three-Dimensional Noise
- 14.5 Modulation Transfer Function
- 14.6 Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (Including 2D MRT)
- Two-Dimensional MRT
- 14.7 Target Acquisition with Limiting Frequency (Johnson's N50)
- 14.8 System Contrast Threshold Function
- 14.9 Target Acquisition with the Target Task Performance Metric (and Vollmerhausen's V50)
- 14.10 Target Sets
- 14.11 Classic ISR, NIIRS, and General Image Quality
- National Imagery Interpretability Rating System
- GIQE Model
- 14.12 The Newest Military Imaging Mode: Persistent Surveillance
- 14.13 Exercises
- References
- Chapter 15 Search
- 15.1 Problem Definition
- 15.2 Introduction to Search Theory
- 15.3 Technique for Estimating Search Parameters and Their Uncertainties
- 15.4 Search Parameters and NV-IPM
- 15.5 Time-Limited Search
- 15.6 Field of Regard Search
- 15.7 Multiple Observers, Single Sensor, Unlimited Time, and Shared Knowledge
- 15.8 Independent Search with Two Sensors, Unlimited Time, and Shared Knowledge
- 15.9 Time-Dependent Search Parameters Search Model
- 15.10 Other Work
- Neoclassical Search Model
- Georgia Tech Vision Model
- Combat Simulations and War Games
- Acquire
- GIQE/IIRS/NIIRS
- 15.11 Guide to the References
- 15.12 Exercises
- Appendix 15A: Time-Unlimited Field of Regard Search
- Appendix 15B: Detection Times and Probabilities with Shared Information
- Useful Mathematical Result
- Mean Time for First Observer to Detect Target Given n Observers and P¥
- Mean Time to Detect Target with Two Observers Using Two Sensors
- Probability Density Function for Detection Time with Two Observers Using Two Sensors
- Appendix 15C: Mathematica Search Code for TDSP Search Model
- References
- Chapter 16 Laboratory Measurements of Infrared Imaging System Performance
- 16.1 Sensitivity
- 16.2 Resolution
- 16.3 Human Performance: Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference
- 16.4 Dynamic Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference
- References
- List of Symbols
- List of Acronyms
- Table of Abbreviations and Concepts
- Table of Operators and Mathematical Functions
- Index
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