Institutionalizing Violence
Strategies of Jihad in Egypt
Published on 28. June 2022
265 pages
978-0-19-764371-6 (ISBN)
Description
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.
The Egyptian al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya and Islamic Jihad have shaped the trajectory of jihadi salafism since its inception and defined a key strategic divide between mass-movement mobilization and elitist avant-gardism. Despite their shared histories, however, al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya rejected al-Qaeda's transnational violence and became a political party after 2011, whereas Islamic Jihad has formed the backbone of Osama bin Laden's organization.
These strategic divergences are puzzling since these groups emerged in the same country around congruent ideologies. Institutionalizing Violience develops an institutional approach to radicalization to compare the two groups' comparative trajectories. It is based on extensive field research conducted with their leaders and members in Egypt. The interviews provide a unique perspective on how jihadi groups make and implement new strategic decisions in changing environments, as well as the evolution of their approaches to violence and non-violence.
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09/2022
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Person
Jérôme Drevon is senior analyst on Jihad and Modern Conflict at the International Crisis Group (ICG) and research associate at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID) (Centre on Conflict, Development & Peacebuilding (CCDP)). He was previously advisor for Non-State Armed Groups at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Jerome has undertaken extensive field research and interviews with salafi jihadi militants in Egypt and Syria.
Content
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
List of Abbreviations
Arabic Glossary
Arabic Transliteration
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1. How Important are Jihadi Groups' Strategic Developments?
1.2. Jihad and its Aftermath in Egypt
1.3. The Concepts of Radicalization and Institutionalization
1.4. The First Argument: Jihadi Groups' Radicalization and Institutionalization
1.5. The Second Argument: Jihadi Groups' Institutionalization and Long-Term Strategic Evolution
1.6. The Scope of the Model and Contribution to Existing Research
1.7. Overview of the Chapters
CHAPTER 2 Institutionalizing Violence
2.1. Jihadi Groups' Relational Radicalization
2.2. Comparative Mechanisms of Radicalization and Beyond
2.3. Jihadi Groups' Institutionalization
2.4. Radicalization and Institutionalization
2.5. Institutionalization and Long-Term Strategic Evolution
CHAPTER 3 Two Trajectories to Jihad
3.1. The Seeds of Violence Before and After Nasser's Free Officers
3.2. Religion and Politics Under Sadat
3.3. Covert Jihad Group Mobilization
3.4. From Mass Movement Proselytization to Jihad
3.5. Towards an Armed Confrontation: Killing Pharaoh
3.6. Conclusion
CHAPTER 4 Strategy Institutionalization
4.1. Cementing the Roots of Salafi Jihadi Opposition to the Regime in Prison
4.2. Early Institutionalization after Sadat's Assassination Trials
4.3. Denouncing Other Islamists and Religious Institutions
4.4. A Contentious Exile to Afghanistan and Pakistan and the Cradle of al-Qaeda
4.5. Ideological Radicalization in Exile?
4.6. A Strategic Deadlock and the Transnationalization of Jihad
4.7. Reinterpreting Salafi Jihadi Ideology
4.8. Conclusion
CHAPTER 5 Confronting the Regime and Fighting the Far Enemy
5.1. Reacting to Repression
5.2. The Militarization of the Conflict
5.3. A Fight for Survival
5.4. Relocating Jihad Abroad
5.5. Conclusion
CHAPTER 6 The Emergence of Non-Violent Political Alternatives
6.1. What Happened to the Other Islamists?
6.2. The Institutionalization of Jihadi Groups' Collective Identities
6.3. Responding to a Short-Lived Democratization
6.4. Conclusion
CHAPTER 7 Conclusion
7.1. The Institutional Trajectories of the Islamic and Jihad Groups
7.2. Armed Violence Beyond Egypt
7.2.1. The Strategic Development of Al-Qaeda and Islamic State
7.2.2. Political Violence and Democracy
7.2.2. The Role of Ideas
7.3. Understanding Jihadi Groups as Groups
Annex: Methodology and Field Research
Bibliography
