Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium

Name: Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium
Brand: Princeton University Press
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Bruce T. Draine(Author)

Princeton University Press

1st Edition

Published on 20. December 2010

560 pages

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978-1-4008-3908-7 (ISBN)

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Cover
Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
1.1. Organization of the ISM: Characteristic Phases
1.2. Elemental Composition
1.3. Energy Densities
2. Collisional Processes
2.1. Collisional Rate Coefficients
2.2. Inverse-Square Law Forces: Elastic Scattering
2.3. Electron-Ion Inelastic Scattering: Collision Strength Oul
2.4. Ion-Neutral Collision Rates
2.5. Electron-Neutral Collision Rates
2.6. Neutral-Neutral Collision Rates
3. Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamic Equilibrium
3.1 Partition Functions
3.2. Detailed Balance: The Law of Mass Action
3.3. Ionization and Recombination
3.4. Saha Equation
3.5. Detailed Balance: Ratios of Rate Coefficients
3.6. Detailed Balance: Ratios of Cross Sections
3.7. Example: Three-Body Recombination
3.8. Departure Coefficients
4. Energy Levels of Atoms and Ions
4.1. Single-Electron Orbitals
4.2. Configurations
4.3. Spectroscopic Terms
4.4. Fine Structure: Spin-Orbit Interaction
4.5. Designation of Energy Levels for Atoms and Ions: Spectroscopic Notation
4.6. Hyperfine Structure: Interaction with Nuclear Spin
4.7. Zeeman Effect
4.8. Further Reading
5. Energy Levels of Molecules
5.1. Diatomic Molecules
5.2. ? Energy Levels of Nonlinear Molecules
5.3. ? Zeeman Splitting
5.4. Further Reading
6. Spontaneous Emission, Stimulated Emission, and Absorption
6.1. Emission and Absorption of Photons
6.2. Absorption Cross Section
6.3. Oscillator Strength
6.4. Intrinsic Line Profile
6.5. Doppler Broadening: The Voigt Line Profile
6.6. Transition from Doppler Core to Damping Wings
6.7. Selection Rules for Radiative Transitions
7. Radiative Transfer
7.1. Physical Quantities
7.2. Equation of Radiative Transfer
7.3. Emission and Absorption Coefficients
7.4. Integration of the Equation of Radiative Transfer
7.5. Maser Lines
8. HI 21-cm Emission and Absorption
8.1. HI Emissivity and Absorption Coefficient
8.2. Optically Thin Cloud
8.3. Spin Temperature Determination Using Background Radio Sources
9. Absorption Lines: The Curve of Growth
9.1 Absorption Lines
9.2. Optically Thin Absorption, t0 &~1
9.3. Flat Portion of the Curve of Growth, 10 &~ t0 &~tdamp
9.4. Damped Portion of the Curve of Growth, t0 &~tdamp
9.5. Approximation Formulae for W
9.6. Doublet Ratio
9.7. Lyman Series of Hydrogen: Ly a, Lyß, Ly ?, . . .
9.8. Lyman Limit
9.9. H2: Lyman and Werner Bands
9.10. "Metal" Lines
9.11. Abundances in HI Gas
10. Emission and Absorption by a Thermal Plasma
10.1. Free-Free Emission (Bremsstrahlung)
10.2. ? Gaunt Factor
10.3. Frequency-Averaged Gaunt Factor
10.4. Free-Free Absorption
10.5. Emission Measure
10.6. Free-Bound Transitions: Recombination Continuum
10.7. Radio Recombination Lines
11. Propagation of Radio Waves through the ISM
11.1. Dispersion Relation for Cold Plasmas
11.2. Dispersion
11.3. Faraday Rotation
11.4. ? Refraction
11.5. ? Scintillation
11.6. ? Interstellar Electron Density Power Spectrum
11.7. ? Extreme Scattering Events
12. Interstellar Radiation Fields
12.1. Galactic Synchrotron Radiation
12.2. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
12.3. Free-Free Emission and Recombination Continuum
12.4. Infrared Emission from Dust
12.5. Starlight in an HI Region
12.6. X Rays from Hot Plasma
12.7. Radiation Field in a Photodissociation Region near a Hot Star
13. Ionization Processes
13.1. Photoionization
13.2. Auger Ionization and X-Ray Fluorescence
13.3. Secondary Ionizations
13.4. Collisional Ionization
13.5. Cosmic Ray Ionization
14. Recombination of Ions with Electrons
14.1. Radiative Recombination
14.2. Radiative Recombination of Hydrogen
14.3. ? Radiative Recombination: Helium
14.4. Radiative Recombination: Heavy Elements
14.5. Dielectronic Recombination
14.6. Dissociative Recombination
14.7. Charge Exchange
14.8. Ion Neutralization by Dust Grains
14.9. Ionization Balance in Collisionally Ionized Gas
15. Photoionized Gas
15.1. HII Regions as Strömgren Spheres
15.2. Time Scales
15.3. Neutral Fraction within an HII Region
15.4. Dusty HII Regions with Radiation Pressure
15.5. Ionization of Helium and Other Elements
15.6. Planetary Nebulae
15.7. ? Escape of Lymana a
15.8. ? Ionization by Power-Law Spectra
16. Ionization in Predominantly Neutral Regions
16.1. HI Regions: Ionization of Metals
16.2. Cool HI Regions: Ionization of Hydrogen
16.3. Warm HI Regions
16.4. Diffuse Molecular Gas
16.5. Dense Molecular Gas: Dark Clouds
17. Collisional Excitation
17.1. Two-Level Atom
17.2 Critical Density ncrit,u
17.3. Example: HI Spin Temperature
17.4. Example: CII Fine Structure Excitation
17.5. ? Three-Level Atom
17.6. ? Example: Fine Structure Excitation of CI and OI
17.7. ? Measurement of Density and Pressure Using CI
18. Nebular Diagnostics
18.1. Temperature Diagnostics: Collisionally Excited Optical/UV Lines
18.2. Density Diagnostics: Collisionally Excited Optical/UV Lines
18.3. Density Diagnostics: Fine-Structure Emission Lines
18.4. ? Other Diagnostic Methods
18.5. Abundance Determination from Collisionally Excited Lines
18.6. ? Abundances from Optical Recombination Lines
18.7. ? Ionization/Excitation Diagnostics: The BPT Diagram
19. Radiative Trapping
19.1. Escape Probability Approximation
19.2. Homogeneous Static Spherical Cloud
19.3. Example: CO J =1-0
19.4. ? LVG Approximation: Hubble Flow
19.5. Escape Probability for Turbulent Clouds
19.6. CO 1-0 Emission as a Tracer of H2 Mass: CO "X-Factor
Color Plates
20. Optical Pumping
20.1. UV Pumping by Continuum
20.2. ? Infrared Pumping: OH
20.3. ? UV Pumping by Line Coincidence: Bowen Fluorescence
21. Interstellar Dust: Observed Properties
21.1. Interstellar Extinction
21.2. Parametric Fits to the Extinction Curve
21.3. Polarization by Interstellar Dust
21.4. Scattering of Starlight by Interstellar Dust
21.5. Size Distribution of Interstellar Dust
21.6. ? Purcell Limit: Lower Limit on Dust Volume
21.7. Infrared Emission
21.8. ? Luminescence
22. Scattering and Absorption by Small Particles
22.1. Cross Sections and Efficiency Factors
22.2. Dielectric Function and Refractive Index
22.3. Electric Dipole Limit: Size « ?
22.4. Limiting Behavior at Long Wavelengths
22.5. Sizes Comparable to Wavelength: Mie Theory
22.6. ? Nonspherical Particles
22.7. Interstellar Grains
23. Composition of Interstellar Dust
23.1. Abundance Constraints
23.2. Presolar Grains in Meteorites
23.3. Observed Spectral Features of Dust
23.4. Silicates
23.5. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
23.6. ? Graphite
23.7. ? Diamond
23.8. ? Amorphous Carbons, Including Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon
23.9. ? Fullerenes
23.10. Models for Interstellar Dust
24. Temperatures of Interstellar Grains
24.1. Heating and Cooling of "Classical" Dust Grains
24.2. Heating and Cooling of Ultrasmall Dust Grains: Temperature Spikes
24.3. Infrared Emission from Grains
24.4. Collisionally Heated Dust
25. Grain Physics: Charging and Sputtering
25.1. Collisional Charging
25.2. Photoelectric Emission
25.3. Grain Charging in the Diffuse ISM
25.4. ? Secondary Electron Emission
25.5. ? Electron Field Emission
25.6. ? Ion Field Emission and Coulomb Explosions
25.7. Sputtering in Hot Gas
26. Grain Dynamics
26.1. Translational Motion
26.2. Rotational Motion
26.3. ? Alignment of Interstellar Dust
27. Heating and Cooling of HII Regions
27.1. Heating by Photoionization
27.2. Other Heating Processes
27.3. Cooling Processes
27.4. Thermal Equilibrium
27.5. Emission Spectrum of an HII Region
27.6. Observed Temperatures in HII Regions
28. The Orion HII Region
28.1. Trapezium Stars
28.2. Distribution of Ionized Gas
28.3. Orion Bar
28.4. Gas Kinematics
28.5. PIGS, Proplyds, and Shadows
29. HI Clouds: Observations
29.1. 21-cm Line Observations
29.2. Distribution of the HI
29.3. Zeeman Effect
29.4. Optical and UV Absorption Line Studies
29.5. Infrared Emission
30. HI Clouds: Heating and Cooling
30.1. Heating: Starlight, Cosmic Rays, X Rays, and MHD Waves
30.2. Photoelectric Heating by Dust
30.3. Cooling: [C II] 158 µm, [O I] 63 µm, and Other Lines
30.4. Two "Phases" for HI in the ISM
30.5. Emission Spectrum of an HI Cloud
31. Molecular Hydrogen
31.1. Gas-Phase Formation of H2
31.2. Grain Catalysis of H2
31.3. Photodissociation of H2
31.4. Self-Shielding
31.5. ? Excitation of Vibration and Rotation by UV Pumping
31.6. ? Rotational Level Populations
31.7. ? Structure of a Photodissociation Region
31.8. Dense PDRs
32. Molecular Clouds: Observations
32.1. Taxonomy and Astronomy
32.2. Star Counts
32.3. Molecular Radio Lines
32.4. FIR Emission from Dust
32.5 ? rays
32.6. ? Compact, Ultracompact, and Hypercompact HII Regions
32.7. ? IR Point Sources
32.8. ? Masers
32.9. Size-Linewidth Relation in Molecular Clouds
32.10. Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds
32.11. Energy Dissipation in Molecular Clouds
33. Molecular Clouds: Chemistry and Ionization
33.1. Photoionization and Photodissociation of Molecules
33.2. ? Ion-Molecule Chemistry in Cold Gas
33.3. ? The CH+ Problem
34. Physical Processes in Hot Gas
34.1. Radiative Cooling
34.2. Radiative Cooling Time
34.3. ? Thermal Conduction
34.4. ? Cloud Evaporation in Hot Gas
34.5. ? Conduction Fronts
35. Fluid Dynamics
35.1. Mass Conservation
35.2. Conservation of Momentum: MHD Navier-Stokes Equation
35.3. Heating and Cooling
35.4. Electrodynamics in a Conducting Fluid: Flux-Freezing
35.5. ? Virial Theorem
36. Shock Waves
36.1. Sources of Interstellar Shocks
36.2. Jump Conditions: Rankine-Hugoniot Relations
36.3. Cooling Time and Cooling Length
36.4. ? Collisionless Shocks
36.5. ? Electron Temperature
36.6. ? Two-Fluid MHD Shocks in Low Fractional Ionization Gas
37. ? Ionization/Dissociation Fronts
37.1. ? Ionization Fronts: R-Type and D-Type
37.2. ? Expansion of an HII Region in a Uniform Medium
37.3. ? Photodissociation Fronts
38. ? Stellar Winds
38.1. ? Winds from Hot Stars: Stellar Wind Bubbles
38.2. ? Winds from Cool Stars
38.3. ? Stellar Wind Bow-Shock
39. Effects of Supernovae on the ISM
39.1. Evolution of a Supernova Remnant in a Uniform ISM
39.2. ? Overlapping of SNRs
39.3. ? Supernova Remnants in an Inhomogeneous Medium
39.4. Three-Phase Model of the ISM
40. ? Cosmic Rays and Gamma Rays
40.1. Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum and Composition
40.2. ? Theory of Diffusive Shock Acceleration
40.3. ? Injection Problem
40.4. ? Upper Limits on Cosmic Ray Energy
40.5. ? Cosmic Ray Propagation
40.6. ? Synchrotron Emission and Supernova Remnants
40.7. ? Gamma Ray Emission from Interstellar Clouds
40.8. ? 26Al in the ISM
40.9. ? Positrons and Positronium in the ISM
41. Gravitational Collapse and Star Formation: Theory
41.1. Gravitational Instability: Jeans Instability
41.2. ? Parker Instability
41.3. Insights from the Virial Theorem
41.4. Magnetic Flux Problem: Ambipolar Diffusion
41.5. Angular Momentum Problem
41.6. Accretion Disks
41.7. Radiation Pressure
42. Star Formation: Observations
42.1. Collapse of Cores to form Stars
42.2. Class 0, I, II, and III Protostars
42.3. Initial Mass Function
42.4. Star Formation Rates
42.5. Schmidt-Kennicutt Law
Appendices
A. List of Symbols
B. Physical Constants
C. Summary of Radiative Processes
D. Ionization Potentials (eV)
E. Energy-Level Diagrams
F. Collisional Rate Coefficients
G. Semiclassical Atom
H. Debye Length for a Plasma
I. Heuristic Model for Ion-Electron Inelastic Scattering
J. Virial Theorem
Bibliography
Index

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Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium

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