
Research Methods in Language Teaching and Learning
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A practical guide to the methodologies used in language teaching and learning research, providing expert advice and real-life examples from leading TESOL researchers
Research Methods in Language Teaching and Learning provides practical guidance on the primary research methods used in second language teaching, learning, and education. Designed to support researchers and students in language education and learning, this highly accessible book covers a wide range of research methodologies in the context of actual practice to help readers fully understand the process of conducting research.
Organized into three parts, the book covers qualitative studies, quantitative studies, and systematic reviews. Contributions by an international team of distinguished researchers and practitioners explain and demonstrate narrative inquiry, discourse analysis, ethnography, heuristic inquiry, mixed methods, experimental and quasi-experimental studies, and more. Each chapter presents an overview of a method of research, an in-depth description of the research framework or data analysis process, and a meta-analysis of choices made and challenges encountered. Offering invaluable insights and hands-on research knowledge to students and early-career practitioners alike, this book:
- Focuses on the research methods, techniques, tools, and practical aspects of performing research
- Provides firsthand narratives and case studies to explain the decisions researchers make
- Compares the relative strengths and weaknesses of different research methods
- Includes real-world examples for each research method and framework to highlight the context of the study
- Includes extensive references, further reading suggestions, and end-of-chapter review questions
Part of the Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics series, Research Methods in Language Teaching and Learning is essential reading for students, educators, and researchers in all related fields, including TESOL, second language acquisition, English language teaching, and applied linguistics.
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Persons
Kate Mastruserio Reynolds is Professor of TESOL and Literacy at Central Washington University, USA. She has authored and edited many works in the field of TESOL, including Introduction to TESOL: Becoming a Language Teaching Professional with Kenan Dikilits and Steve Close (Wiley Blackwell, 2021). She was Associate Editor of the vocabulary volume of The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (Wiley Blackwell, 2018).
Content
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Notes on Contributors ix
Introduction to Research Methods in Language Teaching and Learning 1
Kenan Dikilitas and Kate Mastruserio Reynolds
1 Learning to Use a Qualitative Case Study Approach to Research Language Teachers' Self-Efficacy Beliefs 9
Mark Wyatt
2 Researching the Language Classroom Through Ethnographic Diaries: Principles, Possibilities, and Practices 24
Graham Hall
3 Grounded Theory: A Means to Generate Hypotheses on the Possible Impacts of Student Negotiation in an EFL Speaking Context 41
Mehmet Sercan Uztosun
4 Narrative Inquiry in Applied Linguistics: A Storied Account of Its Procedures, Potentials, and Challenges in an Empirical Project 59
Vahid Bahrami, Mehrdad Hosseini, and Mahmood Reza Atai
5 Positioning Analysis in Longitudinal Classroom-Based Research 73
Hayriye Kayi-Aydar
6 Online and Hybrid Research Using Case Study and Ethnographic Approaches: A Decision-Making Dialogue Between Two Researchers 87
Faridah Pawan and Chaoran Wang
7 Ethnography and a Heuristics of the Heart: Allied Solidarity With Indigenous Language and Literacy Activism 104
Ari Sherris
8 Action Research in Teacher Education: Practical and Theoretical Challenges and Opportunities From Norway 118
Dag Husebø
9 Discourse Analysis as a Research Methodology for L2 Context 132
Hatime Çiftçi
10 Conversation Analysis in TESOL 147
Olcay Sert
11 Combining Corpus-Based Methods With Interviews in Applied Linguistics Research 166
Duygu Çandarli
12 Exploratory Survey Research 182
Jason Anderson and Amy Lightfoot
13 Using Mixed Methods Design to Investigate Vocabulary Acquisition 200
Andrea B. Hellman
14 Correlational Analysis in SLA: Insights From the Study Abroad Research 215
Zeynep Köylü
15 Conducting a Non-Experimental Design Quantitative Study and the Application of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling 230
Hilal Peker
16 Behind the Scenes of a Longitudinal Large-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial Study With Native Spanish Speakers: Lessons Learned 257
Rafael Lara-Alecio, Beverly J. Irby, Fuhui Tong, Cindy Guerrero, Kara L. Sutton-Jones, and Nahed Abdelrahman
17 Quantitative Systematic Reviews: A Lived Experience 273
Tamara Kalandadze
18 Exploring the (Un-)explored in Applied Linguistics: Conducting a Systematic Review in Intercultural Communicative Competence 288
Maria Iosifina Avgousti and Stella K. Hadjistassou
Index 311
Notes on Contributors
Nahed Abdelrahman serves as a Research Specialist I and the Lead Coordinator of Preparing Academic Leaders MED program in the Center for Research & Development in Dual Language & Literacy Acquisition at Texas A&M University. Her research interests include education policy, social justice and equity, educational leadership, principal preparation policies and implementation, mentoring and its impact on promoting education justice.
Jason Anderson is a teacher educator, educational consultant, award-winning author, and researcher, who works in both language teaching and mainstream education. He has supported teachers in over 30 countries for organizations including UNICEF, the British Council, and the University of Warwick, particularly across the Global South and published widely on areas including multilingualism, teaching methodology, curriculum design, teacher expertise, teacher reflection, and lesson planning. Resources are available through his website: www.jasonanderson.org.uk
Mahmood Reza Atai is Professor of applied linguistics at Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. He is editor of the Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics and editorial board member in some international journals. His research interests include ESL/EFL teacher education and EAP, and he has published on these themes extensively in refereed journals. His recent papers appeared in English for Specific Purposes, Journal of English for Academic Purposes, System, RELC Journal, and Teacher Development.
Maria Iosifina Avgousti is an English language instructor and an Applied Linguist. She holds a BA in English Language and Literature from the University of Manchester, an MA in Applied Linguistics and TESOL from Newcastle University, and a PhD in Intercultural Communicative Competence and CALL. She has been a Research Fellow at the University of Cyprus, with an active involvement in European-funded projects, and she is the author of multiple articles and book chapters.
Vahid Bahrami is an MA holder in applied linguistics/TESOL from Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran. He is currently working as an EFL lecturer in the Department of English Language and Literature at University of Zanjan, Iran. His main areas of research interest include individual differences in second language teaching and learning and EAP/language teachers' professional learning and development and identity construction. His recent published works appeared in English for Specific Purposes and The Journal of Experimental Education.
Duygu Çandarlı is Lecturer in Language Education in the School of Education and Social Work at the University of Dundee. Her research expertise lies in the areas of second language writing, corpus linguistics, academic discourse, and writing assessment. She has previously published in international journals, including Reading and Writing, Journal of English for Academic Purposes, and Corpora. She is on the editorial board of the Humanities & Social Sciences Communications Journal (Springer Nature).
Hatime Çiftçi is an assistant professor in the Department of English Language Teaching at MEF University. She received her PhD in second language acquisition and instructional technology from the University of South Florida. Her research interests include pragmatics and discourse, politeness, intercultural communication, and computer-mediated communication. Some of her articles have appeared in journals, such as Journal of Politeness Research, Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, and CALICO Journal.
Cindy Guerrero is a Research Scientist in the Center for Research & Development in Dual Language and Literacy Acquisition (CRDLLA), within the College of Education and Human Development at Texas A&M University. Dr. Guerrero has 17 years of experience coordinating and implementing large-scale federal research grants related to literacy and science instructional interventions for economically challenged students and English learners. Her research interests include literacy, science learning, academic language proficiency, and virtual professional learning for teachers.
Graham Hall is Professor of Applied Linguistics/TESOL at Northumbria University, UK, where he teaches on the university's Applied Linguistics/TESOL programs. He is the author of Exploring English Language Teaching (Routledge, 2011; 2nd edition, 2017), which won the 2012 British Association for Applied Linguistics book prize. He also edited the Routledge Handbook of ELT (2016) and ELT Journal from 2013 to 2017. His research interests range from classroom discourse to the ways in which language teachers understand their practice and the role research might play in their professional development.
Stella K. Hadjistassou is Research Fellow at the KIOS Research and Innovation Center of Excellence at the University of Cyprus. She has served for two years as the Acting Director of the Language Center at the UCY, where she also held a Visiting Lecturer position. Stella has extensive expertise in composing and leading large EU-funded projects in Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL).
Andrea B. Hellman is an Associate Professor of Linguistics/TESOL at Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, USA. A successful grant writer and project director of $5.5 million in federal funding, Dr. Hellman is active in teacher professional development and research for educating multilingual students in K-12 schools. She serves TESOL International Association as series editor of The 6 Principles for Exemplary Teaching of English Learners and coauthored several publications in this series.
Mehrdad Hosseini holds an MA in Applied Linguistics/TESOL from Kharazmi University and currently works as an EFL lecturer in the Department of English Language and Literature at the University of Zanjan. His research primarily explores issues related to language teachers' research engagement, individual differences in language learning and teaching, language awareness, and teacher development in English for academic purposes. His recent publications appear in English for Specific Purposes and The Journal of Experimental Education.
Dag Husebø is Associate Professor in educational science, and head of the department of higher education pedagogies at the University of Stavanger, Norway. Current fields of research are teaching, learning, and professional development among university teachers in higher education. His research background also includes dialogue and digitalization in schools and higher education. He has been a teacher trainer for more than 20 years and has trained and supervised university teachers the last 10 years.
Beverly J. Irby is Regents Professor serving in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development and is the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs in the College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University. She is Director of the Education Leadership Research Center and Co-director of the Center for Research & Development in Dual Language & Literacy Acquisition. Her primary research interests center on principal and superintendent leadership, bilingual and ESL education administrative structures, curriculum, international education, and instructional strategies.
Tamara Kalandadze is an Associate Professor of Special Education and neurodevelopmental conditions at Østfold University College, Norway. She is interested in language and communication needs and is trying to apply open research principles in her research. Tamara was earlier employed at the Knowledge Centre for Education at the University of Stavanger, where her primary duties included conducting literature reviews.
Zeynep Köylü holds a PhD in Second Language Acquisition and Instructional Technology (SLA/IT) from the University of South Florida. She is currently a postdoctoral teaching and research fellow at the University of Basel, Department of English. Her research interests include second language development in different learning contexts, the study abroad phenomenon, and statistical methods in SLA.
Rafael Lara-Alecio is Regents Professor serving in the Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University. He serves as Director of the Center for Research & Development in Dual Language & Literacy Acquisition. His expertise includes the development of academic language through content areas of instruction, assessment/evaluation, and parental involvement in bilingual/ESL education.
Amy Lightfoot is the Regional Education and English Academic Lead for the British Council in South Asia. She leads on strategy development and program design for large-scale teacher education projects across the region, along with related research activities. She holds an MA in Education and International Development from University College London and an MA in English Language Teaching and the Cambridge DELTA from the University of Bath.
Faridah Pawan is a Professor in the Department of Instructional Systems Technology (IST) in the School of Education at Indiana University. She designs and researches programs to support midcareer professionals across disciplines, including ESL/EFL teachers, in sustaining and enhancing their expertise. Her recent publications focus on language and literacy teachers' online learning presence (Pawan et al., 2021), and the engagement and motivation of online learners (Pawan,...
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